research design quiz 1

how we know things

experience (experiential knowledge)

we are told (agreement knowledge)

research

systematically taking people’s experiences and looking for patterns

shows relationship between experiential and agreement knowledge

must meet two conditions: logical and empirical

personal human inquiry

humans observing the world questioning what we see, looking for patterns

we subconsciously like predictability

personal human inquiry errors

inaccurate observation

overgeneralization

selective observation

illogical reasoning

ideology and politics

probabilistic

an outcome typically occurs when cause is present, but not always

every relationship is _

inaccurate observation

what we see is mostly casual, not critical

error that is helped by scientists specifying what we’re looking for and how to record it

overgeneralization

seeing a few samples and assuming that is true for whole population

error helped by involving a large, representative sample and replication

selective observation

look for info we already know/believe

error helped by specifying number for observations and random sample

illogical reasoning

jumping to conclusions based on invalid assumptions and lack of evidence

error helped by logical research questions

ideology

politics/religion are lenses through which we see things

error helped by taking care to not allow beliefs to influence research or findings

science

systematic way of looking at the world, using specific methodologies

study purposes

exploration

description

explanation

application

exploration

using research for specific problem we know little about

large, sweeping questions

basic information to inform future research

description

using research for scope of particular problem

expands on exploration, further than preliminary understanding

explanation

using research to understand why something happens (is there a relationship)

application

using research to study outcomes of policy

research process steps

find interest

read

conceptualize

method

operationalize variables

specify population

collect data

analyze data

science

process of finding something out and strategically observing what we see

theory

set of concepts and proposed relationship between them, explaining phenomena

what all research is built around

regularities

theories take observations about the world and find patterns/_

hypothesis

expectation about relationship between two things

derived from theory

yes/no questions

variables

concepts in research question

made of different attributes

carriers are people

attribute

characteristics or qualities of variables (component parts)

idiographic

provide detailed information about one situation (case studies)

nomothetic

provide look at phenomenon as a whole (examine groups)

deductive reasoning

use general theory/pattern and see if it holds up

testing hypothesis

general to specific

inductive reasoning

observe world and try to make sense of it

used when developing theory

specific to general