Biomed Test #4 Review Part 1

skeletal system functions

support, protection, allows movement, stores minerals and fats, and helps with blood cell formation

bone tissues

compact (dense and smooth) and spongy (spiky, open appearance)

bone shapes

long, short, flat, and irregular

bone structure

diaphysis (long shaft) covered in periosteum, with an internal medullary cavity surrounded in endosteum, epiphyses (epiphyseal line and plate) at ends

bone markings

attachment sites/passages, can be projections/processes (grow out, start with T) or depressions/cavities (indents, start with F)

ossification

process of bone formation, osteoblasts cover hyaline cartilage model with bone matrix, and the enclosed cartilage is digested, opening up a medullary cavity

bone remodeling

happens in response to calcium ion level (when) and gravity (where), mainly happens to articular cartilages and epiphyseal plates, new cartilage is formed on external face of bone while old cartilage is broken down and replaced by bony matrix

closed (simple) fracture

broken bone with no open wound

open (compound) fracture

broken bone that breaks through the skin

comminuted fracture

bone breaks into 3+ parts

compressed fracture

bone is crushed

depressed fracture

broken bone portion is pressed inward

impacted fracture

broken bone ends are forced into each other

spiral fracture

ragged break occurs when twisting forces are applied to bone

greenstick fracture

bone breaks incompletely, common in children

reduction

realignment of broken bone ends

4 steps of bone repair

1. a hematoma forms

2. a fibrocartilage callus forms

3. a bony callus forms

4. bone remodeling occurs

axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)

appendicular skeleton

126 bones of limbs and girdles

ribs

true (1-7), false (8-12), floating (11-12)

functional joint classifications

Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and diarthroses (freely movable)

fibrous joints

united by fibrous tissue, immovable

cartilaginous joints

linked by cartilage, can be immovable or movable

synovial

separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid, movable

distinct features: articular cartilage, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular capsule

plane joint

short slipping or gliding movements; i.e. carpals

hinge joint

permits motion in only one plane; i.e. knees, elbows

pivot joint

rotating bone that turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus

condylar joint

a shallow ball-and-socket joint with limited mobility; i.e. fingers

saddle joint

similar to condylar, side to side and back and forth; i.e. thumb

ball and socket joint

allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending; i.e. shoulder

skeletal muscle

striated, voluntary, attached to bones/skin, maintains posture and body position, stabilizes joints, and generates heat

cardiac muscle

striated, involuntary, found in walls of heart

smooth muscle

unstriated, involuntary, found in walls of hollow visceral organs

muscle origin

point of muscle attachment to bone that remains stationary

muscle insertion

point of muscle attachment to bone that moves

flexion

decreases the angle of a joint, brining two bones closer together

extension

increases the angle of a joint, straightening

rotation

a bone turning around its own longitudinal axis

abduction

movement away from the midline

adduction

movement toward the midline

circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

plantar flexion

bends the foot downward at the ankle

inversion

turning foot inward (medially)

eversion

turning foot outward (laterally)

supination

movement that turns the palm up (radius and ulna are parallel)

pronation

movement that turns the palm down (radius rotates over ulna)

opposition

movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips

prime mover

muscle that is the main cause of a movement

antagonists

oppose/revert a movement

syngergists

add force to a movement, or reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement

fixators

synergists that immobilize a bone or muscle's origin