PCeutics 6a - Module 1

Dosage form

It is a formulation that typically contains the API/s and excipients in certain quantities.

Dosage form

It is the physical form designed to facilitate the accurate and efficient administration of the API to the human or animal patient.

Dosage form

It is the physical form of a dose of a chemical compound used as a drug/medication intended for administration/consumption.

Solid, Liquid, Semisolid

What are the different states used as dosage forms?

True

Dosage form provides the mechanism for the safe and convenient delivery of accurate dosage. (T/F)

False

The dosage form does not protect the drug substance from the destructive influences of atmospheric oxygen or humidity. (T/F)

Gastric acid

The dosage form protects the drug substance from the destructive influence of ___ after oral administration.

False

The dosage form does not conceal the bitter, salty, or offensive taste/color of the drug substance. (T/F)

True

The availability of specific dosage form may vary depending on the hospital’s size, resources, and patient population. (T/F)

False

Hospital pharmacists do not play a role in maintaining an appropriate inventory of pharmaceutical dosage forms, ensuring their proper storage, and providing information, and guidance to healthcare professionals and patients regarding their use.

Maintaining, Storage, Guidance

Hospital pharmacist plays a role in…

• ____ an appropriate inventory of pharmaceutical dosage form

• ensuring proper ___ of the dosage form

• providing information and ____ to healthcare professionals and patients regarding the dosage form’s use.

Powder

This dosage form is an intimate mixture of dry, finely divided drug and/or chemicals that may be intended for internal (oral) or external (topical) use.

Granule

What dosage form is a preparation of dry aggregates of powder particles that may contain one or more active ingredients with or without other ingredients.

Tablet

This solid dosage form contains medicinal substance(s) with or without diluents and prepared either by compression or molding.

Compression or Molding

What are the methods of preparing tablets?

Compressed tablet, Film coated tablet

Among the different types of tablets, which one can be crushed or cut?

Capsule

This solid dosage form has medicinal agents and/or inert substances enclosed in a small shell of gelatin.

Hard Gel Capsule, Soft Gel Capsule

What are the two types of Capsule?

Pill

This dosage form is small, round, and solid dosage form containing the medicinal agent and intended for oral administration. These are usually prepared by a wet massing technique.

Wet Massing Technique

What technique is used to make pills?

Pellet

This small solid dosage form is uniform, often spherical in shape.

Beads

Spherical pellets are sometimes referred to as?

<500 micron

What is the size of pellets in oral suspensions?

<500 micron

What is the size of pellets in sachets?

<800-1000 micron

What is the size of pellets in multiparticulate tablets?

2mm

What is the size of pellets in capsules?

Suppository

This solid dosage form has one or more APIs that are dispersed in a suitable base and molded, or otherwise formed into a suitable shape for insertion into the body orifice to provide local or systemic effect.

Tablets and Capsules

These dosage forms are one of the most prevalent forms in the hospital due to their ease of administration, stability, and accurate dosing.

Oral disintegrating tablets (ODTs)

These are tablets that dissolve rapidly in the mouth and are suitable for patients who have difficulty swallowing.

Oral films

These dosage forms are new oral dosage forms that provide a convenient way of administering certain medicines.

Oral Modified-Release Dosage forms

These are dosage forms that are designed for slow and controlled release medications. (e.g. Sustained-release Tablets, Extended-release tablets, and prolonged release tablets)

Solution

These are liquid preparation that contains one or more dissolved (molecularly dispersed) chemical substances in a suitable solvent/mixture of miscible solvents. It may be oral, topical, otic, or ophthalmic

True

Solution can only be a homogeneous mixture? (T/F)

False

Particles of solute in a solution can be seen by the naked eye. (T/F)

True

The solution does not allow beam of light to scatter (T/F)

True

Solutions are stable. (T/F)

False

Solute from a solution can be separated by filtration. (T/F)

Aqueous solution, Sweet/Viscid Aqueous solutions, Non-aqueous solutions

What are the three kinds of liquid dosage forms?

Water

What is used as the vehicle/solvent in aqueous solutions?

Oral solution

These are liquid preparations, intended for oral administration which contain one or more substances with/without flavoring, sweetening, coloring agents dissolved in water or co-solvent water mixture.

Nasal solution

These are usually aqueous solutions which are designed to be administered to the nasal passages in drops or spray form.

Otic solution

These are aqueous preparations dispensed in a container which permits the administration of drops to the ear.

Topical solution

These are solutions intended for topical application to the skin or oral mucosal surface.

Topical solution

Lidocaine Oral Topical solution is an example of what type of aqueous solution?

Ophthalmic solution

These are sterile solutions free from foreign particles, suitably compounded and packaged for instillation of the eye.

Douches

These are liquid preparations intended for the irrigative cleansing of the body orifice such as the vagina and anus.

Enemas

These are rectal preparations for therapeutic, diagnostic, or nutritive purpose. These are rectal injections employed to evacuate the bowel.

Therapeutic, Diagnostic, Nutritive purposes

What are the purposes of enema?

Gargle

These are aqueous solutions used for treating the pharynx by forcing air from the lungs through the solution which is held in the throat.

True

Liquid Oral Dosage Forms are available for patients who have difficulty swallowing Solid oral medications, especially pediatric/geriatric patients. (T/F)

Syrup

This dosage form is a concentrated aqueous preparation of a sugar/sugar substitute with or without flavoring agents and medicinal substances.

True

A water soluble drug that is stable in aqueous solution may be added to a flavored syrup. (T/F)

False

There is no need to ensure the compatibility of the medicinal substance with the components of a solution/syrup. (T/F)

Non-medicated syrup/Flavored vehicles

What do you call syrups that contain no medicinal substance?

Jellies

These are a class of gels in structural coherent matrix that contains a high proportion of liquid, usually water.

True

Jellies are used as lubricants for surgical gloves, catheters, and rectal thermometers. (T/F)

Inhalation

These are a type of drug dosage form or solution of drugs that are administered by the nasal or oral respiratory route for local or systemic effect.

Nebulizers

What device is used for the administration of inhalational drugs?

Elixir

This is a clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquid containing dissolved active ingredients intended for oral use.

Liniment

This is an alcoholic or oleaginous solution or emulsion applied by rubbing on the skin for treating pain and stiffness of underlying musculature.

Emulsion

This is a two-phase system composed of at least two immiscible liquids, in which one liquid is dispersed throughout another liquid in the form of small droplets.

Lotions

This is a liquid dosage form emulsion applied to the surface of the skin.

Suspension

This is a liquid preparation that consists of solid particles dispersed throughout a liquid phase in which the particles are not solution, it may be oral, topical, otic, or ophthalmic.

Suspending agent

What is added in suspensions to ensure appropriate dispersion of the solid particles in the vehicle?

Ointment

A semisolid preparation intended for external application to the skin or mucous membrane.

20, 50

Ointments contain…

• Less than ____% water and volatiles

• More than ____% Hydrocarbons, waxes, or polyols as the vehicles.

Cream

This is a semisolid dosage form containing one or more drug substances dissolved or dispersed in a suitable base.

20, 50

Creams often containing more than __% water and volatiles and less than _% hydrocarbons, waxes, or polyols as the vehicles.

Paste

A semisolid dosage form that contains one or more drug substances intended for topical applications. Generally contains a higher concentration of solid and has a stiff consistency.

20-50%

How many % is the concentration of solid in pastes?

Aerosol

This is a solid dosage form consisting of a liquid/solid preparations with therapeutically active ingredients, packaged under pressure that are intended for administration as a fine mist.

Parenteral Preparations

These are sterile preparations intended to be administered by injection under or through one or more layers of the skin/mucus membranes.

Ampules, Vials

Parenteral preparations are usually packed in ____ or ____.

Solution ready for injection,
Dry soluble products ready to be combined with solvent prior to use,
Suspensions ready for injection,
Dry insoluble products ready to be combined with a vehicle prior to use,
Emulsion

What are different kinds of parenteral preparations?

Intravenous fluids

These are sterile, large volume solutions intended to be administered by intravenous infusions. They contain sugar, amino acids, or electrolytes.

Dextrose 5% in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Solution

What is D5NSS?

Plain 0.9% Sodium Chloride Solution

What is PNSS?

Plain lactated Ringer’s solution

What is PLR?

5% Dextrose in 0.3% Sodium chloride solution

What is D5 0.3% NaCl

20% Mannitol

What concentration of mannitol is used as an IVF?

5% Dextrose in Lactated Ringer’s Solution

What is D5LR/S?

Intravenous admixture

This is a combination of one or more sterile products added to an IV fluid for administration. The products are mixed in a suitable environment using aseptic technique.

Total parenteral Nutrition

These are preparations containing calories, nitrogen, and other nutrients that are usually insufficient in the body.

Dextrose, Protein Hydrolysate, Electrolytes and vitamins

In TPN, the preferred source of calories is ____, source of nitrogen is ____, and nutrients is _____

Ophthalmic solutions

These are sterile preparations for the eye.

Ophthalmic solution

It is a sterile solution to be instilled into the eye with the use of a dropper.

Ophthalmic suspension

This is a dispersion of finely divided relatively insoluble drug substances in an aqueous vehicle containing suspending and dispersing agents.

Ophthalmic ointments

This ophthalmic preparation contains medicinal agents added to an ointment base and mineral oil either as a solution or micronized powder.

White petrolatum

What is the ointment base used for ophthalmic ointments?

Radiopharmaceuticals

These are substances labeled with radioisotope and used for diagnostic imaging or therapy purposes.

Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals

These radiopharmaceuticals are intended for use in the diagnosis and/or monitoring of various disease states.

True

In diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals, relatively large radiation doses are delivered, similar in magnitude to radiation doses from diagnostic x-ray procedures.

Technetium-99m diphosphanates

Which diagnostic radiopharmaceutical is used for bone scans?

Technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin

Which diagnostic radiopharmaceutical is used for lung scans?

Thallium-201 thallous chloride

Which diagnostic radiopharmaceutical is used for myocardial perfusion scans?

True

The magnitude of radiation doses from diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals is equal to that of a diagnostic Xray procedure? (T/F)

Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals

These radiopharmaceuticals are intended for use in the treatment of various disease states.

True

Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals relatively have larger radiation doses purposefully, to cause localized radiation damage. (T/F)

True

The magnitude of radiation dose of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals is equal to that of teletherapy radiation. (T/F)

Iodine-131 Sodium iodide

What therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer?