RWFM 302 FINAL EXAM

What is the difference in a vine and a liana?

A liana is a climbing plant with a woody stem while a vine is a climbing plant with a more herbacious stem.

Smooth, lacking trichomes

Glabrous

Pubescent with short, stout hair; feels sandpapery

Scabrous

Surface with waxy covering so thick it gives a white or blue color to the the leaf or other parts

Glaucous

Pubescence of hairs that brace at or near the base

Stellate

Pubescence with long, curly, matted hair that gives a wooly appearance

Tomentose

The __ is the stalk of an individual flower

Pedicle

The __ is the stalk of the inflorescence

Peduncle

List 2-3 reasons that the Latin Language is used for binomial nomenclature

Universal

Dead language(never changes)

Historical

Precise and accurate

Draw a leaf that: "pinnatley compund leaf with truncate bases and mucronate apices."

What is the term for "on or at the side"

Lateral

What structures delimit the grass spikelet and grass floret?

Glumes delimit spikelet, lemma and palea delimit the floret

What structures does a complete flower have

Petals, sepals, functioning stamen, functioning pistil

If I had an emarginate apex, whatwould that look like

It would have a little notch at the top (like an old man chinor a butt)

Any plant that lives more than 2 growing seasons is called what?

Perennial

A woody perennial plant of low stature with 1 to many trunks from near the base is a what?

Shrub

How is a serrate margin different than a dentate margin?

Serrate margins are pointed ascending to the apex of a leaf,whereas dentate margins are pointed perpendicular to theleaf margin edge

A small, dry, indehiscent fruit withthe seed attached at one point to the ovary wall is a... ?

achene

What does Antrorse mean?

Directed upwards towards the apex

The term geniculate means ?

Bent sharply

What is the difference in palmate compound and pinnate compound?

Palmate compound leaflets all radiate from a central location where a pinnate compound leaf has leaflets that are opposite of one another along a rachis.

What does retrorse mean?

Directed downwards towards the base

The tubular basal portion of a leaf that encloses the stem is called ?

Sheath

An inflorescence branch that has some sessile and some pedicellate spikelets is called what?

Rame

What is the systematic arrangement of plants into groups based on common characteristics?

Plant classification

What is a bract?

a modified leaf associated with the flower that differs in size, shape, color, and texture

What does "positively geotropic" mean?

That a structure grows/goes with the direction of gravity (e.g. it grows down into the ground in the direction of the pull of gravity)

The surface feature "rugose"means what?

wrinkled

Describe a lanceolate leafshape.

Leaf is long, but is wider at the base than at the apex

What is a pinnule?

The smallest division of a bipinnately compound leaf; it is the leaflet of a pinna

Describe the growth form ofa "grass-like" range plant

Stems have no nodes; all stems solid;flowers either bristly or made of tepals

What are the 2 parts of a scientific name?

Genus = more broad specific epithet = very specific

Who developed the binomial nomenclature system?

Carolus Linneaus

Which of the two (Genus/ Specfic epithet) is more inclusive?

Genus

What does "dioecious"mean?

A species has separate male and female flowers on separate plants

What is the taxonomic suffix for family?

"aceae"

What does an oblique or unequal base mean?

The blade meets on the petiole at unequal locations (it's slanted or not matching)

What are 3 of the 5 ways to classify range plants?

1) Growth form

2) Life span

3) Season of growth

4) Origin

5) Forage value

What is the taxonomic suffix for order?

"ales"

Determinate vs. indeterminate inflorescence? Where's the oldest flower?

Determinate = oldest at top and younger flowers are below

Indeterminate= oldest at bottom and younger flowers are above

What structure is the connective tissue at the outer side of a grass leaf at the junction of the blade and sheath?

Collar

What is the difference in a pistil and a carpel?

Pistil = stigma, style, ovary (does notinclude ovule)

Carpel = the seed producing part plusthe pistil structure(loaded pistil, heh get it:))

How is a rame and spicate raceme different?

Rame = multiple branching inflorescence with pedicellate and sessile spikelets

Spicate raceme = pedicellate and sessile spikelets on a singular central inflorescence axis

Fruits? Name an indehiscent and dehiscent one

Indehiscent: nut, achene, caryopsis, drupe

Dehiscent: legume, capsule, legume, follicle

Monoecious:

male and female flowers on the same plant but different flowers

Dioecious:

Having male and female parts on separate plants

Synecious:

Male+female parts on same flower (perfect flowers)

Pubescent with rough, coarse hair

Hirsute

The side of an organ towards the axis

Adaxial

The side of an organ away from the axis

Abaxial

Incomplete flower?

missing one or more parts

perfect flower?

both male and female parts on the same plant (synecious)

Imperfect?

missing either stamen or the pistil

How can a flower be perfect but incomplete?

male + female parts(working) but is either missing sepals, petals, or both.

What is the perianth of a flower?

Perianth= speals + petals

If you read the name "Cyperales", you would know by the suffix that it was what level of a taxonomic classification?

orders

What is the name for the inner layer of a basic fruit that can be stone-like or parchment like?

Endocarp

Draw the basic diagram of a flower. Include the structures: sepals, petals, anther, filament, stigma, style, ovary.

Explain what is meant by the below statement.

Roots are positively geotrophic, but stems are negatively or neutrally geotrophic.

What is a spicate raceme?

has sessile and pedicellate spikelets

What is a rame?

has sessile and pedicellate spikelets, is branched

What happens to the soil organic matter as you progress from east to west in the GreatPlains?

he organic matter decreases in quantity and depth (e.g. there is more SOM in the tallgrass prairie of the east and less in the shortgrass prairie in the west)

Land degradation of fertile land into arid desert via natural and human activities is known aswhat?

Desertification

Name 1 of the 4 principal woody species in the Northern Desert Shrubland. (Scientific names only)

Artemisia spp.

Atriplex confertifolia

Sarcobatus vermiculatus

Krascheninnikovia lanata

The Chihuahuan Desert Grassland is distinguished by the dominance of what grass genus?

Bouteloua

What type of inflorescence does the genus Bouteloua have?

SPUB

Grassland ecoregion between the Cascades and Rockies where virtually all land has been cultivated. Dominant native species include Festuca idahoensis and Elymus spicatus and dominant non-natives are Poa secunda and Bromus tectorum

Palouse Prairie

The ______ is the middle area between the rain shadow of the Rockies and the wetter, midwestern states. It receives 14-23" of rain a year, mostly in the summer,and there are a lot of prairie potholes for waterfowl.The dominant grass is Schizachryium scoparium

Mixed Grass Prairie

What is the difference in hardwood and softwood trees and give an example(scientific name) of each.

Hardwood trees: dicot, deciduous, slow growing trees with tightly packed cells that make the wood dense and strong example: Quercus, Fagus, Carya, Acer, Juglans

Softwood trees: gymnosperms, evergreen, fast growing trees with less tightly packed cells normally in rows that make the wood weak and less dense example: Pinus, Juniperus, Picea

Name one of the zones in the coniferous forest

Boreal forest (taiga), northeastern forest, moist temperate forest, fog belt, montane, sub-alpine, Krummholz zone

What used to be the main species of the hardwood forest ecosystem, and how did the blight kill them?

Castanea dentata - American chestnut

The chestnut blight fungus girdled the trees and removed the capacity to transport food/water

Which soil horizon has the most organic material in it, external ofthe O horizon that may be absent in some soils?

A Horizon

When does the tallgrass prairie ecosystem get most of their rainfall?

Spring and summer

In which Great Plains ecoregion would you expect to see Aridisols?

Shortgrass prairie

What are the 10 ecoregions of Texas according to Gould,1960?

Pineywoods, Coastal Prairie and Marshes, Post OakSavannah, Blackland Prairie, Crosstimbers, Edwards Plateau, Rolling Plains, High Plains, Trans-Pecos,South Texas Plains

The most vegetatively diverse desert in North America denoted by the presence of saguaro cacti and bajadas.Rainfall tends to be more towards the winter/spring due to the proximity to the Pacific Ocean.

Sonoran Desert

Which grassland ecosystem is now dominated by all annual invasive grasses?

California Central Valley Grassland

What are the "Big 4 tallgrass Praire grasses" Scientific names only?

Andropogon gerardii

Schizachyrium scoparium

Sorghastrum nutans

Panicum virgatum