Hydrogenation & Cholesterol

hydrogenation

process that can turn liquid oil into solid fat

hydrogenation

process that turns liquid oil into solid fat

full hydrogenation

waxy

partial hydrogenation

trans fats may be formed

oleic acid

cis unsaturated fatty acid

makes up 55-85% of olive oil

elaidic acid

trans unsaturated fatty acid

found in partially hydrogentaed veg oil

why do people use hydrogenated veg oil

cheap

taste nice

extended shelf life

oil rancidity

free radicals can attack the C=C bonds, leading to decomposition (hydrolysis or oxidation)

causes unpleasant smell and loss of nutrients/vitamins

why are trans fats bad

they reduce the amount of HDL-C

they increase the amount of LDL-C

cholesterol

steroids (four fused cabron ring structure)

vital component of cell membrane

precursor of vit d, oestrogen, etc

high levels can cause cardiovascular disease

lipoprotein

carries lipids in the blood

size depends on its density

low density lipoprotein

delivers cholesterol to the cells for membrane formation

high density lipoprotein

scavenges for cholesterol to return to the liver

high LDL/HDL ratio

high ratio leads to cardiovascular disease

specifically atherosclerosis

stanol esters

chemicals know to reduce LDL-C in plasma

found in wholegrain foods

2-3g per day can reduce by 10-15%

how obesity occurs

excess calories consumed and not used up in physical activity

gets stored as adipose tissue

accompanied with high plasma LDL-C and low plasma HDL-C

smoking

nicotine in cigs enhance influence of adrenaline on the body, which can heighten blood pressure due to constriciton of blood vessels

carbon monoxide can cause epithelial dysfunction

can make your platelets more active, reduce HDL-C

hyperglycaemia

high blood glucose levels over time can lead to endothelial damage

becomes adhesive and plaque builds up

silent heart attack

neuropathy and nerve damage can cause the diabetic to not feel pain/heat/cold/touch

might be unaware of the symptoms, resulting in silent heart attack