Reading and Writing

Writing

• is the process of using symbols (letters of the alphabet, punctuation and spaces) to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form

Reading

• is a multifaceted process involving word recognition, comprehension, fluency, and motivation. Learn how readers integrate these facets to make.

Critical Thinking

• is self-guided, self-disciplined thinking which attempts to reason at the highest level of quality in a fair-minded way

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Cause-effect

• This technique explores why things happen and what happens as a result. Words that show effect are, for this reason, it allows, as a result, as a consequence, thus, therefore, etc. Transitional devices include because, since, is due to, is caused by, for this reason, it follows, as a result, and so.

• Ex. When water droplets join together, it becomes heavy. This is caused by the rise and cool of water vapor, which forms clouds in the sky. As a result, there will be rain.

Classification

• A single subject is targeted and broken down into components. Items are grouped into categories based on the features they share. In classification, the writer develops criteria in the subcategories based on their relationship. The writer who uses this pattern must have a strong sense of purpose.

• Ex. There are various types of learners. They can usually be classified as either “The Average Joe,” “The Slacker,” or “The Eager Beaver.” Average Joe usually studies well for exams and shows up in class. On the other hand, the Slacker misses a class and can be easily identified as always using headphones wherever he goes. On a different scale, the Eager Beaver comes to class, nods his head, always in-class discussion, and stays after class.

Comparison-Constrast

• A paragraph that shows comparison and contrast answers how the subjects are the same or not. Comparison examines how subjects are similar, while contrast emphasizes how subjects are different. For comparison, it uses signal words like similarly, in the same way, likewise, in like manner, in a similar fashion, etc.

• Contrast uses signal words such as yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, after all, but though, otherwise, on the other hand, notiwithstanding, etc.

Definition

• A paragraph using this pattern can develop texts in varied ways. A term in defined, by its class, and its specific details. You can defined, by its class, and its specific details. You can define it by characteristics, function, what it is not, and what it is similar to, such as origins or effect. It can be scientific or subjective. Transitional devices include scientific/subjective.

Description

• In this pattern, transitional words are used to indicate location. Detail referring to physical aspects like how the subject looks, sounds, feels, smells, or even tastes like are the ingredients of this method development. Observations need to be specific to encourage imaginative thinking. Transitional devices include sensory language.

Narration

• This paragraph follows a chronological order of writing. It uses transition words such as first, then, soon, after, suddenly, etc., to maintain coherence and show movement. In telling a story, it employs action words like verbs and adverbs, and phrases that signal time to make the text more engaging to the readers. Transitional devices include first, then, soon, after, and suddenly.

Persuasion

• although, hence, for, consequently

Problem-Solution

• he answer, challenge, need, diffuculty, dilemma, propose, remedied, resolve, respond to, solve, suggest