musculoskeletal system anatomy

• bone

organ of hard connective tissue w/dense outer layer & spongy inner layer

• periosteum

outermost layer of bone made of fibrous tissue

• compact bone

dense, hard layers of bone tissue underneath periosteum

• cancellous bone

(spongy bone) contains little spaces & is encased in compact bone

• endosteum

membranous lining of hollow cavity of bone

• diaphysis

shaft of long bones

• epiphysis

end of each long bone

• bone marrow

material found in cavities of bones

• red marrow

thick, bloodlike material in flat & ends of long bones, BC formation location

• yellow marrow

soft, fatty material in medullary cavity of long bones

• maxilla

upper jawbone

• mandible

lower jawbone

• vertebral column

made of bones called vertebrae which the spinal cord runs through

• cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)

first set of seven vertebrae forming neck

• thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12)

second set of 12 vertebrae forming outward curve of spine w/ribs

• lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5)

third set of five larger vertebrae

• sacrum

five vertebrae after lumbar that fuse together to form a triangular bone between hip bones

• coccyx

four vertebrae fused together to form tailbone

• laminae

flat plates of bone that form vertebral arch

• clavicle

collarbone

• scapula

shoulder blade

• acromion process

extension of scapula that forms the superior point of shoulder

• sternum

breastbone

• xiphoid process

lower portion of sternum

• humerus

upper arm bone

• ulna & radius

lower arm bones

• olecranon process

projection at proximal end of ulna that forms bony point of elbow

• carpal bones

wrist bones

• metacarpal bones

hand bones

• phalanx

finger & toe bones

• pelvis

made up of three bones fused together

• ischium

lower, posterior portion of pelvis on which one sits

• ilium

upper, wing-shaped part of each side of pelvis

• pubis

anterior portion of pelvis

• acetabulum

large socket in pelvis for head of femur

• femur

upper leg bone

• tibia & fibula

lower leg bones

• patella

kneecap

• tarsal bones

ankle bones

• calcaneus

heel bone

• metatarsal bones

foot bones

• joint

junction of two or more bones that often allows movement

• cartilage

firm connective tissue found in joints

• meniscus

crescent-shaped cartilage found in some joints

• intervertebral disk

cartilaginous pad found between vertebrae in spine

• pubic symphysis

cartilage joint where 2 pubic bones join at the midline

• synovia

fluid secreted by synovial membrane & found in joint cavities

• bursa

fluid-filled sac that allows easy movement of one part of a joint over another

• ligament

flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint

• tendon

band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

• aponeurosis

strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone

• muscle

tissue composed of cells that contract to produce movement

• fascia

band or sheet of connective tissue that encloses muscle & separates layers

• skeletal muscles

attached to bones by tendons & make movement possible by pulling & working in pairs

• smooth muscles

located in internal organs like digestive tract, not controlled voluntarily

• cardiac muscle

forms most of wall of heart and produces heartbeat by involuntary contraction