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Water molecule

A molecule consisting of two hydrogen atoms bonded to a single oxygen atom (H₂O).

Pyrite

A mineral consisting of iron sulfide (FeS2) often called 'fool's gold'.

Greigite

A magnetic iron sulfide mineral with the formula Fe3S4.

Troilite

An iron sulfide mineral with the formula FeS.

Periodic Table

A tabular arrangement of the chemical elements ordered by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

The first widely recognized periodic table created by Dmitri Mendeleev, organizing the known elements by increasing atomic mass and similar properties.

Atomic mass

The mass of an atomic particle, expressed in atomic mass units (amu).

Thomson's Plum-Pudding Model

A model of atomic structure proposed by J.J. Thomson, suggesting that electrons are embedded within a positively charged 'soup'.

Cathode ray tube

A vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns and a phosphorescent screen used to display images.

Millikan's Oil Drop Experiment

An experiment conducted by Robert Millikan to measure the charge and mass of the electron.

Alpha particles

Positively charged particles consisting of two protons and two neutrons, essentially a helium nucleus.

Beta particles

High-energy, high-speed electrons or positrons emitted from certain types of radioactive decay.

Gamma rays

High-frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by radioactive substances.

Nucleus

The positively charged center of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

Electron

A subatomic particle with a negative charge, found in all atoms.

Proton

A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutron

A subatomic particle with no charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.