APUSH Reform Movements Vocabulary

Temperance

Temperance

the practice of moderation, especially in the consumption of alcohol.

Asylum Movement

aimed to reform the treatment of individuals with mental illness by advocating for the establishment of specialized institutions for their care and treatment.

Dorothea Dix

a prominent 19th-century social reformer known for her advocacy on behalf of the mentally ill and her efforts to improve conditions in mental asylums

Thomas Gallaudet

a pioneer in deaf education, known for establishing the first school for the deaf in the United States.

Penitentiaries

institutions designed for the incarceration and rehabilitation of criminals, focusing on penance and reform rather than punishment.

Auburn System

a method of prison management characterized by strict discipline, solitary confinement at night, and group work during the day, aimed at reforming prisoners through labor and reflection.

Horace Mann

an influential advocate for public education reform in the United States during the 19th century, known as the "Father of American Public Education."

McGuffey Readers

a series of textbooks widely used in American schools during the 19th century, designed to teach reading and moral values through a selection of literary passages.

American Peace Society

an organization dedicated to promoting peace and advocating for the resolution of conflicts through nonviolent means.

American Colonization Society

was founded in 1816 with the goal of assisting free African Americans in emigrating to Africa, particularly Liberia, as a solution to racial tensions in the United States.

American Antislavery Society

was a prominent abolitionist organization founded in 1833, advocating for the immediate and complete emancipation of all enslaved people in the United States.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

was a renowned American author known for his novels and short stories exploring moral and psychological themes, including "The Scarlet Letter" and "The House of the Seven Gables."

Abolitionism

a movement dedicated to the abolition of slavery, advocating for the immediate emancipation of all enslaved individuals and the end of the institution of slavery.

William Lloyd Garrison

was a prominent abolitionist and journalist who founded the anti-slavery newspaper "The Liberator" and played a key role in the abolitionist movement in the United States.

Frederick Douglass

an influential African American abolitionist, writer, and orator who escaped from slavery and became a leading voice in the abolitionist movement, advocating for the rights of enslaved and freed people.

North Star

an abolitionist newspaper founded by Frederick Douglass in 1847, serving as a platform for advocating the end of slavery and promoting civil rights for African Americans.

Harriet Tubman

was a courageous African American abolitionist and humanitarian known for her role in the Underground Railroad, leading enslaved people to freedom in the North.

Second Great Awakening

was a religious revival movement in the United States during the early 19th century, characterized by fervent evangelism, emotional preaching, and a focus on personal salvation.

Sojourner Truth

an African American abolitionist and women's rights activist known for her powerful speeches advocating for the abolition of slavery and the rights of women.

Revivalism

religious movement characterized by revivals or spiritual awakenings, often involving emotional preaching, fervent prayer, and conversions.

Nat Turner

an African American enslaved preacher who led a violent slave rebellion in Virginia in 1831, resulting in the deaths of many white people and harsh repercussions for enslaved individuals.

Antebellum Period

refers to the period before the American Civil War, typically characterized by significant social, economic, and political changes in the United States, particularly regarding issues of slavery and states' rights.

Transcendentalists

a group of writers, philosophers, and social reformers in the 19th century who emphasized the importance of intuition, individualism, and spiritual growth, rejecting societal norms and materialism.

On Civil Disobedience

"On Civil Disobedience" is an essay by Henry David Thoreau, advocating for the moral obligation to resist unjust laws through nonviolent protest and civil disobedience.

Brook Farm

was a utopian experiment in communal living founded by transcendentalists in the 1840s, aiming to create a society based on cooperative labor and intellectual pursuits.

Revival camp meetings

often held in outdoor settings or campgrounds, were gatherings where preachers delivered impassioned sermons aimed at inspiring spiritual renewal and conversion.

Church of Latter-Day Saints; Mormons

The Church of Latter-Day Saints, commonly known as the Mormons, is a religious movement founded by Joseph Smith in the 19th century, characterized by its unique scripture, religious practices, and belief in modern prophets.

Joseph Smith

Joseph Smith was the founder of the Latter-Day Saint movement, who claimed to have received divine revelations and translated the Book of Mormon, establishing the basis for Mormonism.

Cult of Domesticity

The cult of domesticity was a 19th-century ideology emphasizing the importance of women's roles within the home, promoting virtues such as piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness.

Grimke Sisters

Sarah and Angelina Grimké, were prominent abolitionists and women's rights activists in the 19th century, known for their lectures and writings advocating for the end of slavery and the rights of women.

Seneca Falls Convention

a pivotal event in the women's suffrage movement, held in Seneca Falls, New York, where attendees discussed women's rights and issued the Declaration of Sentiments, demanding equality for women.

Susan B. Anthony

was a leading figure in the women's suffrage movement in the United States, advocating for women's right to vote and equal rights through her speeches, writings, and activism.