ideology 9 markers

Explain and analyse three ways that Liberal thinkers have viewed the state

P1- classical view

• necessary evil-

• Locke two treatises of gov

• social contract theory

• state is necessary to protect individual liberty and property

• night-watchman state

P2- modern view-

• Rawls’ Theory of Justice

• Ensure fairness through mechanisms like welfare and progressive taxation

• state should play an active role in reducing social and economic inequalities

• Beveridge Report (1942)

P3- liberal democ

• NEUTRAL STATE- no discrimination

• Mill in On Liberty argues for the harm principle

• supports institutions like constitutional democracy, separation of powers, and human rights protections

• underpins ideas of multiculturalism and civil liberties

Explain and analyse three ways that Liberal thinkers have viewed human nature.

P1- classical-

• rational and self interested-

• locke and smitch

• justifies negative freedom and laissez-faire capitalism

• Smith’s idea of the "invisible hand"

• Locke’s social contract theory

• underpins the liberal belief in limited government

P2- modern-

• capable of self improvement-

• mill and green

• Green- state should help remove social and economic barriers that prevent people from flourishing-

• Mill - enabling individuals to achieve self-improvement-

P3-feminism

Explain and analyse three ways that Liberal thinkers have viewed society.

P1- classical view-

• Society Based on Individualism and Minimal State Intervention-

• locke and smith-

• individual freedom and private property

• Locke’s Social Contract of giving up some rights for protections of natural rights

P2- Modern Liberalism –

• Society Focused on Social Justice and Welfare-

• mill and green-

• positive liberty

• state to intervene in areas like education, healthcare, and economic redistribution

• Mill’s Harm Principle

P3-feminist liberalism-

• Gender Equality as a Fundamental Aspect of Society-

• wollstonecraft and mill-

• society should be restructured to promote equal rights and opportunities for women-

• Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792-

Explain and analyse three ways that Liberal thinkers have viewed the economy

P1- Classical Liberalism –

• Free Market and Minimal State Intervention-

• smith and locke-

• economy works best when individuals are free to pursue their own economic interests-

• Smith’s idea of the "invisible hand of without gov would naturally

• Smith’s The Wealth of Nations (1776) – Smith argued that markets should be self-regulating

P2-Modern Liberalism –

• State Intervention for Social Welfare and Equality

• - mill and green- mixed economy

• reject the idea of a purely laissez-faire as gov intervention is necessary

• Mill’s On Liberty (1859) harm principle

• emphasis on state intervention addresses inequalities but critics argue it could lead to excessive government control

P3- feminist liberalism-

• Economic Equality for Women and the Rejection of Patriarchal Structures-

• wollstonecraft and friedan-

• women must have the same economic rights and economic independence

• Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)

Explain and analyse three ways that the concept of individualism is significant to Liberal thinkers.

P1- Classical Liberalism –

• Individual Autonomy and Limited State Intervention

• - locke - individualism as the cornerstone of a just society-

• Locke's "Second Treatise of Government" (1689) –

• Locke argued that individuals have the right to self-governance- strongly advocates for individual autonomy

P2-Modern Liberalism –

• Individual Empowerment and Positive Liberty

• - mill and green-

• state should help individuals overcome social and economic barriers-

• - "On Liberty" (1859)

• Mill argued that individual freedom should be protected, but he also believed that the state should intervene in cases where people’s freedoms could harm others-

P3-Feminist Liberalism

• Individual Rights and Gender Equality

• - wollstonecraft and friedan-

• individualism must include gender equality-

• - "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792) –

• challenges both gender inequality and traditional liberalism’s narrow understanding of individualism

Explain and analyse three ways that the concept of freedom is significant to Liberal thinkers.

P1- classical

• negative freedoms and limited gov-

• locke and mill-

• freedom from interference-

• Locke’s "Second Treatise of Government" (1689)

• prioritizes individual liberty and is seen as essential for personal autonomy

P2- Modern Liberalism

• Positive Freedom and State Intervention

• mill and green

• - true freedom requires social conditions that enable individuals to pursue their goals-

• requires state intervention in areas like education, healthcare, and welfare-

• Green’s "Liberal Legislation and Freedom" (1881) –

• positive freedom expands the concept of liberty to include equality of opportunity

P3- Feminist Liberalism –

• Gendered Freedom and the Elimination of Patriarchy-

• wollstonecraft ad friedan-

• freedom cannot be fully realized without gender equality political, economic, and social autonomy.-

• "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792) –

• gender equality is an essential component of freedom. It has led to significant legal reforms

Explain and analyse three ways that Conservative thinkers have viewed the state.

P1- Traditional Conservatism

• Authoritarian and Hierarchical State-

• Hobbes-

• maintain order and prevent societal collapse-

• Strong leviathan

• Burke state as a stabilising force- a necessary structure to preserve traditions, maintain social cohesion, and prevent disorder- organic society

P2-One-Nation Conservatism

• Paternalistic and Pragmatic State-

• -oakeshott pragmatic- maintain state- no radical changes- necessary force but not overreach

• duty of the ruling elite to provide some social welfare-

• Disraeli’s Cons gov passed social reforms 1875 Public Health Act

P3-New Right Conservatism

• Minimal and Free-Market State-

• rand and nozick-

• reduced role of the state- views excessive state intervention as a threat to individual liberty-

• state should focus on maintaining law and order-

• Thatcher 80s pursued extensive privatisation, deregulation, and tax cuts to reduce state influence on the economy-

• “There is no such thing as society,”

Explain and analyse three ways that Conservative thinkers have viewed human nature.

P1- Traditional Conservatism

• Human Imperfection and the Need for Order-

• Hobbes and Burke- naturally flawed, selfish, and morally imperfect- require strong institutions life - poor, nasty, brutish, and short,”-

• Burke human nature was shaped by tradition and social institutions -

• justifies conservative support for a strong state, law, and order

P2-One-Nation Conservatism

• Paternalistic and Socially Responsible -

• Oakeshott- humanity both benign and benevolent - neutral and loving but still fragile- fallible but not terrible

• society has a duty to care for its most vulnerable-

• Sybil (1845) warned of the dangers of a divided society-

• Macmillan supported a mixed economy and the welfare state to ensure social stability-

• conservative support for moderate state intervention and social policies that preserve order while preventing revolution

P3- New Right Conservatism

• Rational Self-Interest and Individualism-

• neoliberal wing- individuals should be free to pursue their own economic -

• Rand argued in Atlas Shrugged (1957) leads to human flourishing and economic progress.-

• Thatcher 'no such thing as society' privatization, tax cuts, and welfare reduction, arguing that humans are most productive when left to their own devices

Explain and analyse three ways that Conservative thinkers have viewed society.

P1- Traditional Conservatism –

• Society as Organic and Hierarchical-

• Burke- reject rationalism or revolution-

• Burke in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)

• society is a partnership between the past, present, and future, emphasizing

• strong emphasis on tradition, monarchy, and established social structures, resisting radical change-

• critics argue it leads to social stagnation and ignores injustices in existing hierarchies

P2-One-Nation Conservatism

• Society as a Community with Mutual Obligations-

• disraeli- social cohesion through a balance between economic freedom and some level of state intervention-

• Disraeli’s Sybil argued a divided society is “as if they were inhabitants of different planets.”-

• Macmillan in the 1950s, supported welfare policies and a mixed economy to promote social harmony

P3-New Right Conservatism –

• Society as a Collection of Individuals-

• no society only mass indiviudal RAND- role of government should be minimal-

• thatcher “There is no such thing as society,” -

• Hayek in The Road to Serfdom (1944) argued that collectivist policies undermine freedom and economic prosperity-

• justifies free-market policies, deregulation, and welfare reduction- Nozick society should promote individual self-fulfilment

Explain and analyse three ways that Conservative thinkers have viewed government.

P1- Traditional Conservatism

• Gov Strong Authority Ensuring Order

• hobbes and burke-

• human nature is flawed, a strong government is necessary-

• Hobbes in Leviathan (1651) argued that without a strong government, society would fall into chaos-

• Burke, in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), opposed radical change and emphasized that government should preserve tradition and continuity- justifies strong leadership, monarchy, and law-and-order policies

P2-One-Nation Conservatism

• Gov Paternalistic Force Promoting National Unity-

• disraeli- duty to reduce social divisions and promote stability-

• Disraeli’s social reforms, such as the 1875 Public Health Act, -

• Macmillan supported state intervention in the economy maintain social harmony- a

• argue that this leads to excessive state control

P3-New Right Conservatism

• Gov Minimal Institution Enabling Economic Freedom-

• nozick and rand- should focus on law and order, defense, and protecting property rights-

• thatcher’s government in the 1980s reduced state intervention by privatizing industries, cutting taxes, and rolling back welfare programs-

• Reagan’s policies in the U.S. reflected similar ideas- justifies deregulation, privatization, and tax cuts- critics argue that it leads to social inequality and weakens traditional conservative commitments-

Explain and analyse three ways that Conservative thinkers have viewed the economy.

P1- Traditional Conservatism –

• The Economy Natural Hierarchy Requiring Stability and Protection-

• organic structure develop naturally over time-

• Burke in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) warned against rapid economic upheaval-

• Conservative governments of the 19th century protected traditional industries and landowning interests, resisting laissez-faire extremes- perspective justifies protectionist policies, moderate state intervention, and a respect for economic tradition-

P2-One-Nation Conservatism

• capitalism is good

• The Economy as a Tool for Social Cohesion with Limited Intervention

• Oakeshott Skeptical of state intervention on free markets

• support capitalism but believe the state has a role in mitigating economic inequality- advocate for a mixed economy-

• Disraeli’s social reforms, such as factory acts, sought to improve working conditions while maintaining a capitalist economy-

• Macmillan’s post-war Conservative government supported Keynesian economic policies, nationalizing industries and maintaining a welfare state

P3-New Right Conservatism

• The Economy as a Free-Market System with Minimal State Interference-

• RAND free markets with no state intervention-

• NOZICK any redistribution of wealth is an attack on freedom.- role should be limited to protecting property rights, enforcing contracts, and ensuring low taxation and regulation

• Thatcher’s economic policies in the 1980s, including privatization of state industries and reducing union power, were based on New Right principles-

Explain and analyse three ways that the concept of tradition is significant to Conservative thinkers.

P1- Tradition as a Source of Wisdom and Stability (Traditional Conservatism)-

• burke- argue that institutions, customs, and moral values have evolved over time because they have proven effective in maintaining order-

• criticized the French Revolution for rejecting traditional institutions

• monarchy and the Church, seeing them as essential pillars of society-

• justifies gradual, evolutionary change rather than radical reform

P2- Tradition as a Unifying Force That Maintains Social Cohesion (One-Nation Conservatism)

• role of the state is to preserve traditions while adapting to change in a pragmatic way to prevent class conflict-

• oakeshott- shouldnt radically chnage society- keep as it is - state maintain

• Disraeli’s Sybil (1845) warned of a divided society-

• supported national symbols, such as the monarchy and patriotic traditions-

• Critics argue that relying too much on tradition can exclude marginalized groups

P3- Tradition as a Cultural Identity That Should Be Preserved Against Modernity (New Right Conservatism)-

• argue that modern liberal trends, such as multiculturalism and progressive social policies, threaten national identity and traditional family structures

• NOZICK- Thatcher emphasized "Victorian values" in her leadership- justifies policies restricting immigration to protect national traditions-

• view is overly resistant to necessary cultural evolution and can be exclusionary

Explain and analyse three ways that the concept of authority is significant to Conservative thinkers.

P1- Authority as a Natural and Necessary Hierarchy (Traditional Conservatism)

• Society functions best when people accept their place within a structured order-

• Burke defended the authority of the monarchy and aristocracy as overturning leads to chaos-

• Leviathan, original sin

• perspective justifies respect for long-standing institutions-

• Critics argue that it prevents social mobility and maintains outdated power structures

P2-Authority as a Means of Ensuring Social Cohesion and Responsibility (One-Nation Conservatism)-

• noblesse oblige

• state as authority to protecvt humans but not overreach

• authority as a paternalistic force-
  Disraeli’s idea of “paternalism” -

• Oakeshott pragmatic policies - welfare state- Keynesian

• post-war consensus in Britain welfare-

• justifies moderate state intervention and responsible leadership

P3-

• rand and nozick more dogmatic than oakeshott

• No noblesse oblige

• Minarchist state

• Thatcher- meritocracy is needed not given

• Low taxes and rewarding hard work

• But Reagan and thatcher do highlight strong law and order

• However doesn’t alleviate oppression or class divide

Explain and analyse three ways that the concept of private property significant to Conservative thinkers.

P1- Private Property as a Source of Stability and Tradition (Traditional Conservatism)

• linked to heritage, continuity, and stability in society.-

• Stake in society

• Hobbes- reason follow law and order

• Burke is central to maintaining order,-

• justifies property rights as a way to uphold social order and prevent radical change- monarchy church

• Critics argue that inherited wealth leads to inequality- Disraeli 2 nations

P2-Private Property as a Means of Fostering Social Responsibility and National Unity (One-Nation Conservatism)

• State intervention may be justified to expand property ownership-

• Disraeli’s "Tory Democracy" promoted policies that aimed to reduce social divisions, including support for home ownership-

• Oakeshott pragmatism to provide security

• "Right to Buy" scheme under Margaret Thatcher (1980s)

P3-Private Property as Essential to Economic Freedom and Prosperity (New Right Conservatism)-

• creates incentives for productivity, investment, and wealth creation-

• Rand: Property as an extension of individual effort and rational self-interest- State interference is viewed as a threat-

• Meritocracy

• Nozick atomistic society

• thatcher’s privatization policies in the 1980s justifies deregulation, tax cuts, and minimal government intervention in the economy

Explain and analyse three ways that Conservative thinkers have viewed the individual.

P1 Inherently Flawed and Dependent on Tradition and Authority (Traditional Conservatism)

• individuals would create instability and chaos-

• Burke individuals need the guidance of long-standing institutions like the monarchy-

• Hobbes- life would be "nasty, brutish, and short."-

• view justifies the need for strong leadership, respect for traditions, and resistance to radical individualism

P2-The Individual as Part of a Collective National Community with Social Obligations (One-Nation Conservatism)-

• should not act purely in self-interest

• paternalistic role

• Macmillan, embraced welfare policies that balanced individual opportunity-

P3-The Individual as Rational, Self-Reliant, and Best Served by Minimal State Interference-

• nozick - reject excessive state intervention- view champions free markets, self-sufficiency, and meritocracy-

• rand Believes in the moral superiority of capitalism and individual enterprise -

• Thatcher “There is no such thing as society,” -

• Nozick’s- Argues that individuals should be free to acquire and transfer property without state interference- thatcher right to buy

Explain and analyse three ways that Socialist thinkers have viewed human nature

P1- fundamental socialists-

• MARX-

• Humans Are Naturally Cooperative and Altruistic-

• Capitalism distorts this natural cooperation by fostering competition and alienation-

• Marxists believe human nature is shaped by economic systems,

P2- social democrats

• Crosland

• human nature is malleable and influenced by economic and social conditions- I

• Crosland supported a mixed economy and a strong welfare state

• Webb’s belief in the "inevitability of gradualism" –

• human nature can be improved over time through state-led reform rather than revolution.

P3-third way socialists

• Giddens

• human nature balances self-interest with a desire for fairness and social cohesion-

• modern socialist society should allow for market-driven individual aspirations while ensuring a strong welfare system to promote equality-

• \hird Way thinkers believe human nature includes both individualism and collectivism

• Giddens advocated for a welfare state that empowers individuals rather than simply providing state control over resources

Explain and analyse three ways that Socialist thinkers have viewed society.

P1- marxism and revolutionary-

• engels and marx-

• economic structures determine social relations-

• Marxists believe capitalism creates alienation, exploitation, and inequality, leading to class struggle-

• bourgeosie and proletariat- -

• see capitalist societies as inherently oppressive and believe only a fundamental overthrow of the system can create a truly equal society

P2- social democracy and revisionist-

• crosland and bernstein-

• capitalism is not inherently evil but can be reformed to benefit society

• - democratic institutions, progressive taxation, and welfare policies can reduce inequality -

• Crosland (1956): In The Future of Socialism,

P3- third way-

• giddens and blair-

• Society Should Balance Individual Freedom and Social Justice -

• - Giddens (1998): Advocated for a “social investment state”-

• New Labour (1997-2010): Combined market-friendly policies (privatization, deregulation) with strong social policies (minimum wage-

Explain and analyse three ways that Socialist thinkers have viewed the economy.

P1- marxist view

• marx and engels-

• capitalism is an exploitative system -

• want complete abolition- establishment of a classless, communist economy -

• Soviet Union’s planned economy under Lenin and Stalin

• however faced inefficiency, lack of innovation, and authoritarianism

P2- democratic socialist view-

• webb and crosland-

• reject revolution but argue for extensive state intervention -

• mixed economy-

• capitalism can be tamed through regulation, progressive taxation, and welfare policies-

• post-war Labour government (1945-1951) in the UK, which nationalized industries (coal, railways, steel) and introduced the welfare state

P3- third way socialists

• giddens-

• Free Market with Social Justice Measures-

• advocate for a market-based economy with social investment in education, welfare, and infrastructure

• Tony Blair’s New Labour (1997-2010) – embraced privatization, reduced trade union power, and encouraged business growth while increasing public spending on health and education

Explain and analyse three ways that Socialist thinkers have viewed the state.

P1- marxist view-

• State as a Tool of Class Oppression (Eventually to be Abolished)-

• instrument of bourgeois oppression, designed to uphold capitalism-

• eventually "withering away"

• Bolshevik Revolution (1917) –

• led to an authoritarian regime- historical attempts (e.g., Soviet Union, Maoist China) failed to "wither away"

P2-democratic socialist view-

• webb and crosland-

• State as a Vehicle for Gradual Social and Economic Reform-

• state should intervene in the economy to regulate capitalism, provide social justice, and ensure collective welfare-

• post-war Labour government (1945-1951) – nationalized industries, created the NHS, and expanded the welfare state- approach avoids the extremes of revolution

P3- third way

• State as a Regulator and Enabler, Not a Direct Controller-

• \giddens and blair-

• accept the market economy but believe the state should empower individuals through education, welfare, and investmen-

• Blair’s New Labour (1997-2010) – shifted from traditional socialist policies, focusing on a "Third Way" between free-market capitalism and social justice

• approach modernizes socialism

Explain and analyse three ways that Socialist thinkers have viewed Marxism.

P1- revoutionary socialists

• endorse

• lenin and luxemburg-

• key to overthrowing capitalism through revolutionary class struggle-

• Lenin vanguard party, arguing that a small, elite group of revolutionaries must lead the proletariat in a revolution-

• Russian Revolution (1917) – Lenin and the Bolsheviks used Marxist theory to justify overthrowing the Tsar and capitalism

P2- democratic socialists-

• Partial Acceptance with a Focus on Reform-

• webb and crosland-

• accept Marx’s critique of capitalism but reject violent revolutionr

• gradual reforms through democracy and state intervention-

• Labour government (1945-1951) in the UK, which implemented Marxist-inspired policies - nationalizing industries and creating the NHS

P3-third way

• full rejected as outdated-

• giddens and blair-

• class struggle is no longer relevant in modern globalized economies -

• Blair’s New Labour (1997-2010) – moved away from traditional socialist policies, embracing privatization and business-friendly policies while maintaining public services

Explain and analyse three ways that the concept of class is significant to Socialist thinkers

P1- marxist view-

• Class as the Driver of History and Revolution-

• capitalism inherently exploits workers- revolution, overthrowing capitalism and establishing a classless, communist society-

• Russian Revolution (1917) – Lenin used Marxist theory to justify overthrowing the ruling class and establishing a socialist state- critics argue that Marx overestimated class conflict

P2- democratic socialist view-

• webb and crosland-

• Class as a Source of Inequality to Be Gradually Reformed-

• advocate for progressive taxation, nationalization, and welfare policies-

• post-war Labour government (1945-1951) – introduced the welfare state, NHS, and nationalization of key industries, reducing class inequalities

P3-third way socialist view-

• Class as Less Relevant in a Globalized Economy-

• giddens and blair-

• emphasize individual opportunity and social inclusion- policies should focus on empowering individuals through education, skills training, and investment -

• Blair’s New Labour (1997-2010) – introduced minimum wage and tax credits, aimed at reducing inequalities- view adapts socialism to modern economies, critics argue it ignores persistent class inequalities

Explain and analyse three ways that Socialist thinkers have viewed the fundamental goals of socialism

P1- Marxist View –

• The Abolition of Class and the Establishment of Communism-

• state controls production before it eventually "withers away."-

• rooted in the belief that capitalism exploits the working class- revolutionary means-

• Russian Revolution (1917) – Lenin aimed to establish a socialist state as a step towards communism- goal is radical and aims for total equality

P2-Democratic Socialist View –

• Gradual Reform to Achieve Greater Social and Economic Equality-

• webb and crosland-

• capitalism can be reformed through progressive taxation, nationalization of key industries, and welfare policies to create a more egalitarian society-

• post-war Labour government (1945-1951) in the UK, which introduced the NHS

P3-Third Way Socialist View –

• Balancing Social Justice with Economic Efficiency- g

• iddens and blair- g

• New Labour (1997-2010) – introduced minimum wage, tax credits, and investment in public services- critics argue it abandons core socialist principles