MIGRATION, IDENTITY AND SOVEREIGNTY (HUMAN GEO)

globalisation

when the world becomes increasingly interconnected and interdependent through trade, culture, technology etc...

economic migrant

a person who leaves their country of origin purely for economic reasons

refugee

a person forced to leave their country because of war, natural disasters, persecution

asylum seeker

a person fleeing to another country to apply for the right to international protection

irregular migrant

a person who remains in a country without visa or permit

schengen agreement

The border-free Schengen Area that guaranteed free movement to EU citizens, non-EU nationals living in the EU or visiting the EU as tourists, exchange students or for business purposes

international scale migration

the movement of people from their source country to a host country where there is an offer of work to those with skills and a sponsor

national scale migration

the movement of people from traditional rural economies to work in cities, which have become hubs of industrial activity

Diaspora

the spread of any people from their original homeland

Sovereignty

the authority of a state to govern itself or another state.

displacement

the action of moving something from its place or position

post- colonial migrants

people who moved to the uk from former colonies of the British empire during the 50s, 60s and 70s

trade liberalism

the freedom to invest anywhere or transfer capital, known as deregulation of financial markets

assimilation

the gradual integration of an immigrant group into the lifestyle and culture of the host country

ethnicity

a social group identified by a distinctive culture, religion or language

culture

the ideas, beliefs, customs and social behaviour of group or society

enclaves

concentrations of particular communities

Nation

A group of people who feel bound into a single body by shared culture, values, folkways, religion and/or language

State

A patch of land, usually with sovereign control

Sovereign state

A state that has its own government within a recognised territory

Linguistic unity

The same language

Colonial history

History of colonialism and associated cultural imperialism

Legitimacy

Conforming to the laws/legislation of a government

Contested borders

Borders that are up for dispute i.e., countries/nation states arguing over land

Nation states

States with a recognised territory that have shared culture, language, values etc.

Homogeneity

Populations of the same culture

Heterogeneity

Populations of different culture

Dependent territory

A territory that is not fully independent or sovereign. They belong to a sovereign state and are dependent on that state to some degree.

Financial regulation

The laws and rules that govern the operations of financial institutions. These regulations aim to ensure stability in the financial system, promote fair competition, protect consumers, and prevent financial crimes.

Personal Allowance

The amount of income each individual is entitled to receive free of tax each year.

Income tax

Tax imposed on individuals or entities (taxpayers) that varies with their respective income or profits (taxable income).

Corporate tax

Tax placed on a company's profit.

Tax Haven

Countries that have expanded their lack of financial regulation with low-income taxes and corporation tax rates

Haven

A sheltered port where ships can take on or discharge cargo (derived from maritime law)

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

national identity

a persons sense of belonging to a state or nation. its based on distinctive traditions, culture and language

Colonialism

the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonisation, military force or other means

direct imperialism

colonisers would go in and remove everything so they could claim full power and control. EG. France and Beligium

indirect imperialism

colonisers remove decision makers and implement their own. they use the rest of their population to carry out their work

populism

the idea that society can be split into 'the people' and 'the elite'

transnationalism

the idea that history explains migration routes

IGOs

an organisation compromised primarily of sovereign states

global governance

the process of designating laws or regulations intended to manage global systems at the international level

united nations

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

veto powers

a legal power to unilaterally stop an official action

Millenium Development Goals

17 goals that UN member states have agreed to try mto achieve by the year 2030

unilateral intervation

military intervention undertaken by states/groups of states outside of the UN umbrella

failed state

A country whose government has lost political control and is unable to fulfil the basic responsibilities of a sovereign state

War on Terror

the ongoing campaign by the United States and some of its allies to counter international terrorism

geopolitical relations

the study of the effects of geography on international politics and international relations

embargo

an official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country.

Bretton Woods Institutions

IMF and World Bank, playing a role to make globalisation work better

Structural Adjustment Program

a set of economic reforms that a country must adhere in order to secure a loan from IMF or world bank

Free Trade Area

a group of countries that have agreed to mutually lower or eliminate trade barriers for trade within the area

single market

ensures the free movement of goods, services, capital and people

customs union

ensures all countries charge the same import duties on goods and services brought into the union and prohibits members charging tariffs on those goods and services when they cross bordered within the union