Exam #2 Study Guide

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to create glucose.

Glucose

The chief monosaccharide that plays a central role in the body's energy metabolism.

Starch

A storage form of glucose in plants.

Glycogen

The way the human body stores glucose, similar to how a hospital prepares for emergencies.

Fibers

The framework of plants, contributing to their structure and stability.

Soluble Fibers

Fibers that help regulate cholesterol levels in the body.

Insoluble Fibers

Fibers that provide digestive health support.

Whole Grains

Grains that contain all parts: bran, germ, and endosperm; provides long-term health benefits.

Refined Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates that have been processed to remove bran and germ, leading to quicker energy spikes.

Lactose Intolerance

A condition where the body lacks lactase, hindering the digestion of lactose.

Insulin

A hormone that regulates glucose levels in the blood.

Glycemic Index

A measure that ranks foods based on their effect on blood sugar levels.

Type 1 Diabetes

A lifelong medical condition resulting from the pancreas producing little to no insulin.

Type 2 Diabetes

A progressive condition resulting from insulin resistance, often linked to lifestyle choices.

Hypoglycemia

A condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels.

Complex Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates that provide sustained energy, typically found in whole grains and vegetables.

Simple Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates that provide quick energy, typically found in sweets and refined foods.

Added Sugars

Sugars added to foods which can lead to adverse health effects when overconsumed.

Lipids

Fats that store energy and cushion vital organs in the body.

Saturated Fats

Fats that are usually solid at room temperature and can raise cholesterol levels.

Unsaturated Fats

Fats that are liquid at room temperature and are beneficial for heart health.

Phospholipids

Lipids that form cell membranes, essential for cell structure.

Sterols

A type of lipid important for hormone production, such as cholesterol.

Bile

A digestive fluid that emulsifies fats to aid in their digestion.

Lipoproteins

Molecules that transport fats through the bloodstream.

LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein)

Often referred to as 'bad' cholesterol; can lead to heart problems.

HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)

Known as 'good' cholesterol; helps transport cholesterol away from the arteries.

Proteins

Essential macromolecules needed for various body functions, formed by amino acids.

Amino Acids

The building blocks of proteins, necessary for body repair and maintenance.

Complete Proteins

Proteins that contain all essential amino acids, typically found in animal products.

Incomplete Proteins

Proteins that lack one or more essential amino acids, often found in plant sources.

Plant-based Diets

Dietary patterns focused on foods derived from plants that may reduce chronic disease risks.

monosaccharides

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules like glucose and fructose.

polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates made up of long chains of monosaccharide units, such as starch and glycogen.

disaccharides

Carbohydrates formed by two monosaccharide molecules linked together, such as sucrose and lactose.

fatty acid types

are the building blocks of lipids, classified into saturated, unsaturated, and trans fatty acids based on their chemical structure.

collagen

a structural protein found in connective tissues, skin, and bones, providing strength and elasticity.

protein turnover

the continuous process of protein synthesis and degradation in the body, regulating protein levels and cellular function.