Chapter 1 (Anatomy & Physiology: An Integrative Approach 2nd Edition)

anatomy

the study of structure and form

anatome

to cut apart or dissect

anatomists

scientists who study the structure and form of organisms

physiology

the study of function of the body parts

physiologists

scientists who examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances

microscopic anatomy

examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye

cytology

(cell ; study) is the study of body cells and their internal structure

histology

(web, tissue) is the study of tissues

Gross anatomy

investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye

systemic anatomy

studies the anatomy of each functional body system

regional anatomy

examines all the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit

surface anatomy

both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them

comparative anatomy

examines similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species

embryology

(young one) discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from conception to brith

pathologic anatomy

examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease

radiographic anatomy

investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures

cardiovascular physiology

functioning of heart, blood vessels, and blood

neurophysiology

examines how nerve impulses travel throughout the nervous system

respiratory physiology

studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between lungs and blood vessels

reproductive physiology

explores how regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation

pathophysiology

investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system

anatomists

focus on the form and structures

physiologists

focus on the function of the small intestine

organization

all organisms exhibit a complex structure and order

metabolism

all organisms engage in it; the sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within the body

anabolism

(a raising up) small molecules are joined to form larger molecules

catabolism

(a casting down) large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

Growth and Development

increased size and increased specialization as related to form and function

Responsiveness

the ability to sense and react to stimuli

Stimuli

changes in the external and internal environment

Regulation

an organism must be able to adjust or direct internal bodily function during environmental changes

Reproduction

all organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair

Somatic Cells

(Body) cells divide by mitosis

Sex Cells

(Gametes) produced by meiosis

Chemical level

simplest level; involves atoms and molecules

Cellular Level

consists of cells

Tissue Level

consists of tissues

Organ Level

composed of organs

Organ system level

contains related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common functino

Organismal Level

The highest level of structural organization in the body

Simplest to Most Complex

1. Atom

2. Molecule

3. Macromolecule

4. Organelle

5. Cellular Level

6. Tissue Level

7.Organ Level

8.Organ System Level

9. Organism

Integumentary System

Provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, and some glands, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss

Muscular System

Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract.

Skeletal System

Provides support and protection, site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for muscle attachment.

Nervous System

a regulatory system that controls muscles and some glands and responds to sensory stimuli; responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory.

Endocrine System

Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, which regular development, growth and metabolism; maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestive processes, and control reproduction

Lymphatic System

Transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels) and participates in an immune response when necessary

Cardiovascular System

Consists of the heart and blood vessels, the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste prodcuts.

Respiratory System

Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs

Urinary System

Filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body

Digestive System

Mechanically and chemically digests the food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products

Male Reproductive System

Produce male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (testosterone) transfers sperm to female

Female Reproductive System

Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone), receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus, produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn

Anatomic Position

stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body, and the palms face anteriorly toward the front; the head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer.

Anatomic Position and Body Planes

1. Coronal Section

2. Transverse Section

3. Midsaggital

Coronal Plane

(frontal plane) divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts (frontal and back)

Transverse Plane

(cross-sectional plane) a horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)

Midsaggital Plane

(median plane) a vertical plan that divides the body or organ into left and right halves

Sagittal Plane

Divides a structure into unequal left and right portions

Oblique Plane

minor planes

Anterior

in front of ; toward the front surface

Posterior

in the back of; toward the back surface

Dorsal

at the back side of the human body

Ventral

at the belly sides of the human body

Superior

closer to the head

Inferior

closer to the feet

Cranial (cephalic)

at the head end

Caudal

at the rear or tail end

Rostral

toward the nose or mouth

Medial

toward the mid-line of the body

Lateral

away from the mid-line of the body

Deep

on the inside, internal to another structure

Superficial

on the outside

Proximal

closer to point of attachment to trunk

Distal

farther away from the point of attachment to trunk

abdominal

region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the hip bones

antebrachial

forearm (portion of upper limb between the elbow and wrist)

antecubital

region anterior to the elbow; also know as the cubital region

auricular

visible surface structures of the ear

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm ( the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow)

buccal

cheek

calcaneal

heel of the foot

carpal

wrist

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

coxal

hip

cranial

skull

crural

leg (portion of lower limb between knee and ankle)

deltoid

shoulder

digital

fingers or toes (phalangeal)

dorsal / dorsum

back

facial

face

femoral

thigh

fibular

lateral aspect of leg

frontal

forehead

gluteal

buttock

hallux

great toe

inguinal

groin

lumbar

relation to the loins, or the inferior part of the back, between the ribs and pelvis