Security In the Contemporary World

What is security?

Freedom from threats

Threats are things that threaten ‘core values’

Only extremely dangerous threats that endanger core values beyond repair

Aids in Africa and Botswana

1/6 in Africa

1/3 in Botswana

What has poverty in the South led to?

Large scale migration

Who are states supposed to accept?

Refugees but not migrants

Where are displaced people being hosted?

Middle East and North Africa

Africa

Europe

Americas

Asia and Pacific

Percentage of armed conflicts that are internal wars?

95%

Where did most of the armed conflict happen in the world?

Sub-Saharan Africa

What was NPT of 1968?

Countries who manufactured and tested weapons before 1967 could keep them.

Those who hadn’t manufactured were disallowed to acquire them

What does CTBT do?

Bans nuclear test

What did SALT 1 do?

Limit nuclear arms

Which country had Mad Cow disease?

Britain

Threats for newly-independent states?

Internal Military conflicts

Why did the US shift from supporting Islamic militants to attacking them

Change in national interests

What is Infant mortality?

Children who die before 1

Per 1000

What is narrow concept of Human security?

Threat on individual security

Where does half of the world’s population growth occur?

India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and Indonesia.

Population is expected to triple in the next 50 years

What treaty tried to stop the US and USSR from using ballistic missiles defensively?

Antii-Ballistic Missle 1972

What is NIEO?

New Internation Economic Order

What are Global Commons?

Not under the jurisdiction of one country

Vital for planet’s survival

High seas, outer space, the atmosphere and Antartica

What is Terrorism?

Use of violence and intimidation to achieve political aims

Required internation cooperation and a comprehensive approach that include intelligences sharing, law enforcement and addressing the root causes of terrorism

Why is traditional conception of security external?

Greatest danger is from military threats from another country

Which endangers core values of sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity

Most threats come from outside the border because there is no one to regulate compared one’s own country

Each country has to be responsible for own security

State is main actor

Territorial Integrity: Protecting the border and sovereignty from external threats

Sovereignty: Maintaining the state’s autonomy and decision making power

Military is backbone

When has the Russia Ukraine conflict?

2022

What is Mutually Assured Destruction?

Everything is destroyed

What is comprehensive approach?

Address both state-centric and human-centric conditions

India Security Policy?

Non-alignment and peaceful coexistence

Policy of “no first use”

What are the three basic choices the government has for threat of war?

To surrender

To prevent other side from attacking by increasing the cost of war

Defend itself

What is balance of power?

Bigger countries could be aggressive. because of more resources

Building up military, economic and technological power helps a country be more balanced

Alliances and Counter alliances

Why do countries build alliances?

To increase effective power relative to another country or alliance

US supported Islamic militants in Afghanistan by then attacked them when al Queda launched an attack. change in alliance

Why is traditional conception of security internal?

Countries like US and USSR didn’t face internal conflicts after 1945 so could focus on threats outside their border

Countries feared conflict from colonized people like Kenya and Vietnam

Cold war cause of 1/3 of all wars in post ww2 period. Most fought in third world

New stated feared US or Soviet Union or former colonial powers coming in their country

Internal Conflicts

Also feared separatist states

Internal war more than 95% of armed conflict (1946-91)

Twelve-fold rise in civil war in 1946-1991

Law Enforcement

What is traditional cooperation?

Cooperation in limiting violence is possible.

Countries should only go to war for self-defense, or to protect other people from genocide

War must be limited

Armies should avoid killing non combatants

Force must be used if all alternatives fail

What is disarmament?

Disarmament requires countries to give up certain weapons, arms control, and confidence building.

USSR and US didn’t want to give up nukes

What is Arms Control?

Regulated acquisition or development of weapons

What is confidence builiding?

Countries share ideas about military plans and intentions

Process to make sure that rivals don’t go to war under misconception

CBMS

What is the non-traditional notion of security about?

Threats and dangers affecting conditions of human existence instead of just military force.

It’s about all of humanity no just a country

Terrorism, climate change, pandemics and cyber-attacks

What is Human Security?

Protection of people instead of just states.

Human and state security often the same

What is the narrow concept of human security?

Focuses on violent threats to individuals ‘protection of communities and individuals from internal violence’ - Kofi Annnan

What is the broad concept of human security?

Threat agenda should include hunger, disease and natural disasters because they kill more people than war, genocide and terrorism combined

Encompasses economic security

Encompasses threats to human dignity

‘Freedom from want’ and ‘freedom from fear’

What is global security?

Global threats like global warming, internation terrorism and health epidemics

No one country can solve it again

Many of these problems would disproportionately affect only a few countries

What is Terrorrism?

Political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately

Seek to change political context by force or threat of violence

Use the unhappiness of the public as a weapon against parties in conflict

hijacking planes or planting bombs in trains, cafes, markets

What are the three kinds of human rights?

Freedom of speech

Economic and Social rights

rights of colonized people or ethnic and indigenous minorities.

Criticism against UN Human rights?

Powerful national states will determine what instance is a human right violation

What is Global poverty?

Disparity between high capita income and low population with low capita income with high population

Sub Saharan Africa is the poorest region. More people were killed in this region that all of the world combined

now at 760 crore— will grow to nearly 1000 crore by the middle of the 21st century.

Sub Saharan Countries life expectancy

40 years

Infant morality rate

Sweden 3/1000

Developed country 1/100

Indian Sub-continent 1/7

Parts of Africa 1/5

50% vs 5%

Who are migrants?

those who voluntarily leave their home countries)

Who are refugees?

(those who flee from war, natural disaster or political persecution). Refugee maps tallies almost perfectly with the world conflicts.

From 1990 to 1995, 70 states were involved in 93 wars which killed about 55 lakh people.

What are Kashmiri Pandits an example of?

Internally displaced people

What are Health epidemic?

HIV-AIDS, bird flu, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) have rapidly spread across countries through migration

One countries failure or success in spreading the disease affects others

How many people were affected by AIDS in 2003?

4 crore

2/3 in Africa

Rest in South Asia

North America had drugs but Africa had no money

Rwandan Genocide

1994 Hutu tribe killed 5 lakh Tutsi tribe in a matter of weeks

What is Cooperative security?

Threats require cooperation rather than military force

Transnational

Military force may have use in combating terrorism or in enforcing human rights

May be bilateral (between two countries)

May involve international organizations

May involve NGOs

May involve the use of force as last resort

What are the four broad components of Indian security?

Strengthening military capability (nukes)

Strengthen internation norms( NIEO, non-alignment). Joined Kyoto protocol with 160 countries

Meeting security challenges within the country (Democracy so other communities can express themselves). Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab and Kashmir.

Building economy so everyone benefits. Pressure to combine economic growth with human development

What is the Kyoto Protocol?

Provides roadmap for reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases(1997(