Exam 1 (Week 1-4)

Biology

scientific study of life

Metabolism

an organism's ability to use energy (starch in plants and glycogen in animals)

Homeostasis

organism maintains tolerable internal range regardless of external environment

Receptor

organ or cell able to. respond to stimulus in order to transmit a signal and interact with the environment

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

Science

a systematic, mechanistic discipline where generalizations to unknowns is determined by observation and experimentation

Inductive

specifics to generalizations

Deductive

generalizations to specifics

Atom

fundamental unit of matter

Matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

Most common elements in organisms

CHNOPS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur)

Atomic Number

number of protons in an atom

Carbon atomic symbol

12, 6 C

Nitrogen atomic symbol

14, 7 N

Oxygen atomic symbol

16, 8 O

Hydrogen atomic symbol

1, 1 H

Sodium atomic symbol

23, 11 Na

Chlorine atomic symbol

35, 17 Cl

Atomic atom

naturally occures, neutral

Isotope atom

same number of protons as atomic form, but different number of neutrons

Ionic atom

charged particle

Ionic bond

electrons transfer from one atom to another, very weak

Covalent bond

sharing of electrons between atoms, very strong

Hydrogen bond

attraction between a slight positive atom and a slight negative atom of the same or different molecule

Valence

number of bonds an atom can make

Salts

made of two groups of oppositely charged ions

Acids

less than 7

Bases

more than 7

Dehydration synthesis

removes water, anabolic reaction

Anabolic reaction

start with small molecules and end with one large molecule

Hydrolysis

adds water to break bond, catabolism

Catabolism

start with one large molecule to smaller molecules

Endergonic reaction

energy is stored (anabolic dehydration)

Exergonic reaction

energy is released (catabolic hydrolysis)

Types of Monosaccharides

ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, fructose and galactose

Isomer

same molecules, different structure and properties

Types of Disaccharides

sucrose, maltose, and lactose

Sucrose

glucose + fructose (table sugar)

Maltose

glucose + glucose (alcohol sugar)

Lactose

glucose + galactose (milk sugar)

Types of Polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, and cellulose

Starch

energy storage for plants, cellular respiration

Glycogen

energy storage for animals, in muscles

Cellulose

in plants for structure, very polar

Types of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

Fats

saturated fatty acids

Oils

unsaturated fatty acids

Phospholipids

Steroids

4 rigs of carbon (cholesterol)

Amino Acid structure

Peptide bond

bond between amino acids (uses dehydration synthesis)

Protein shapes

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

nucleic acids

contains instructions for making proteins

Ribose Nucleotide base pairing (RNA)

A, G, C, U

Deoxyribose Nucleotide base pairing (DNA)

A, G, C, T

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

-OH

hydroxyl (polar)

-COOH

carboxyl (acidic)

-NH2

amino (basic)

-H2PO4

phosphate (acidic)

-CH3

methyl (non-polar, hydropho

Cell

fundamental unit of life

Prokaryotic cells

no membrane bound nucleus or organelles

Eukaryotic cells

membrane bound nucleus and organelles

What do phospholipids create?

A phospholipid bilayer

Types of proteins

transport, receptor, and recognition

What does cholesterol do?

makes membrane more fluid

Three functions of membrane

isolate cells from environmenttransport in and out of cellcommunication in the cell

What does the cell wall do?

support, shape, protection, diffuses gasses

Endomembrane system

interacting organelles between membrane and nucleus

Cytoplasm

gel like semifluid between membrane and nucleus

Ribosomes

made of RNA and protein (in proteinsynthesis)

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

helps with proteinsynthesis

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

helps with lipid synthesis and detoxification

What does the golgi complex do?

receives and stores ER productsmodifies ER products, forms them into functional units

What does the lysosome do?

digests food and damaged organelles

What does the food vacuole do?

used in phagocytosis, temporary

What does the central vacuole do?

used for water balance, waste and poison

What does the mitochondria do?

for cellular respiration, produces ATP (has a double phospholipid bilayer)

What does the chloroplast do?

photosynthesis (double membrane)

What is the cytoskeleton?

a network of protein fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

Microtubules

type of cytoskeleton, moves organelles around the cell

Cilia

short, many, helps movement

Flagella

long, few, helps move

Solution

homogenous mixture between solute and solvent

solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

substance doing the dissolving

Gradient

physical different between 2 areas

concentration gradient

differes in concentration

Isotonic solution

solution with equal amounts of solute as another solution

Hypertonic

solution with more solute than another solution

Hypotonic

solution with less solute that another solution

Semipermeable

allows some things through but not everything

Passive transport (Diffusion)

molecules move down the gradient, no energy used

Simple Diffusion

moves across bilayer

Facilitated diffusion

with the use of a protein

Osmosis diffusion

movement of the solvent (water)

Active transport

energy is used, moves up the gradient

Bulk active transport

moves large particles, takes part of the membrane with it

Endocytosis (active transport)

transport material into the cell, takes membrane