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Aorta
the main artery of circulatory system that carries blood from the left side of the heart to the arteries of all limbs and organs except the lungs.
Arteriole
a small terminal branch of an artery that connects with a capillary.
Artery
a vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs through the body.
Blood pressure
the hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a blood vessel.
Capillary
a microscopic blood vessel with a diameter of about 10 micrometers that penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells to allow exchange with interstitial fluid.
Elastic fibres
a thick, yellow connective-tissue fibre composed principally of elastin and characterized by giving great elasticity to tissues in the body.
Pulse
the force of blood leaving the heart in one heartbeat; it is felt where arteries pass near the skin.
Valve
a membranous structure in a hollow organ or passage that folds or closes to prevent the return flow of the body fluid passing through it.
Vein
a vessel that returns blood to the heart.
Fenestrated capillaries
are capillaries that have some large pores in the capillary wall which allows larger volumes of tissue fluid to be produced eg glomerulus of the nephron of the kidney
Elastin
protein fibres found in arteries and veins that enables stretching and recoiling
Collagen
protein in arteries and veins that has a high tensile strength and provides support for blood vessels
Systolic pressure
peak pressure in an artery
Vasoconstriction
contraction of the smooth muscles of the artery or arteriole (which are circular) that reduces the diameter and lumen of the blood vessel
Vasodilation
relaxation of the smooth muscles of the artery or arteriole (which are circular) that increases the diameter and lumen of the blood vessel
Coronary artery
an artery that supplies the heart with blood
Hypertension
is a high blood pressure
Thrombosis
is another name for a blood clot
Plaque
consists of fatty deposits eg cholesterol that can build up in coronary arteries
Coronary heart disease
is caused by the narrowing or blocking of the coronary arteries
Transpiration
loss of water vapour from the stomata of leaves by diffusion
Lignin
complex polymer that hardens cell walls of some vascular tissues in plants
Xylem
vessel that transports water and mineral ions in plants from the roots to aerial parts of the plant
Phloem
vessel that transports sucrose and amino acids in plants which can be up or down the plant
Cambium
a layer of cells in a plant that produces new phloem and xylem cells.
Cortex
provides support in plants
Epidermis
later that provides waterproofing and protection in plants
What are 3 key adaptations of capillaries for exchange?
Thin walls (one cell thick) for short diffusion distance
Small diameter to allow close contact with body cells
Pores between cells to allow for movement of fluid and small molecules
How are veins adapted to transport blood back to the heart?
Valves prevent backflow of blood
Wider lumen allows for easier flow despite lower pressure
Skeletal muscle contractions help propel blood
What causes coronary artery occlusion, and what are the consequences?
Causes: Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup)
Consequences: Reduced blood flow to heart muscle, angina (chest pain), heart attack (myocardial infarction)
Describe the movement of water from roots to leaves during transpiration.
Water enters root hairs by osmosis
Cohesion and adhesion in xylem vessels
Transpiration pull from leaves creates a continuous flow
How are xylem vessels adapted for water transport?
Dead cells with no cytoplasm for unimpeded flow
Lignified walls for structural support
Pits in walls allow for lateral water movement
Draw a transverse section of a dicot stem and label the tissues.
diagram should include: Epidermis, cortex, vascular bundles (xylem, phloem, cambium) pith
Draw a transverse section of a dicot root and label the tissues.
(Your diagram should include)
Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, vascular cylinder (xylem, phloem)
