PMLS LEC > Basic Concepts on Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity

Biosafety

• Containment of potentially harmful biological agents

• Reduces or eliminates exposure to potentially hazardous agents

Containment

Refers to safe methods or equipment used to handle infectious materials in laboratories

Biosecurity

• Preventive measures to protect individuals from the risk of transmitting infectious diseases

• Prevent unauthorized access, theft, loss, misuse, and intentional release of biological materials

• Involves policies, regulatory frameworks, and specific activities

Laboratory-Acquired Infections (LAIs)

History of Biosafety

• Early Awareness:

  • Focused on observing safety precautions to mitigate _____ caused by pathogenic microorganisms

US Biological Weapons Program (1943)

History of Biosafety

• _____:

  • Initiated by President Franklin Roosevelt during WWII

  • Ira L. Baldwin: Appointed as the first scientific director of Camp Detrick, tasked with establishing biological weapons for defensive purposes

Ira L. Baldwin

History of Biosafety

• US Biological Weapons Program (1943):

  • Initiated by President Franklin Roosevelt during WWII

  • _____: Appointed as the first scientific director of Camp Detrick, tasked with establishing biological weapons for defensive purposes

Camp Detrick

History of Biosafety

• US Biological Weapons Program (1943):

  • Initiated by President Franklin Roosevelt during WWII

  • Ira L. Baldwin: Appointed as the first scientific director of _____, tasked with establishing biological weapons for defensive purposes

Camp Detrick

History of Biosafety

• Post-War Transition:

  • _____ evolved into a prominent institution for biological research

Newell A. Johnson

History of Biosafety

• Technological Advancements:

  • _____: Improved laboratory safety by developing…

    • Class III Safety Cabinets: Fully enclosed systems for handling infectious agents

    • Laminar Flow Hoods: Airflow systems to prevent contamination and protect researchers

Class III Safety Cabinets

History of Biosafety

• Technological Advancements:

  • Newell A. Johnson: Improved laboratory safety by developing…

    • _____: Fully enclosed systems for handling infectious agents

    • Laminar Flow Hoods: Airflow systems to prevent contamination and protect researchers

Laminar Flow Hoods

History of Biosafety

• Technological Advancements:

  • Newell A. Johnson: Improved laboratory safety by developing…

    • Class III Safety Cabinets: Fully enclosed systems for handling infectious agents

    • _____: Airflow systems to prevent contamination and protect researchers

Arnold Wedum

History of Biosafety

• _____: Introduced Mechanical Pipettors to minimize Laboratory-Acquired Infections (LAIs), which occurred when scientists used mouth pipetting. Mechanical Pipettors eliminated direct contact with infectious materials, significantly reducing risks.

Mechanical Pipettors

History of Biosafety

• Arnold Wedum: Introduced _____ to minimize Laboratory-Acquired Infections (LAIs), which occurred when scientists used mouth pipetting. _____ eliminated direct contact with infectious materials, significantly reducing risks.

Ventilated Cabinets

History of Biosafety

• _____: Designed specifically for handling Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, a highly infectious bacterium that causes tuberculosis

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

History of Biosafety

• Ventilated Cabinets: Designed specifically for handling _____, a highly infectious bacterium that causes tuberculosis

Smallpox Eradication

History of Biosafety

• _____: Highlighted the critical need for developing biosafety processes to safely manage and contain infectious agents

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and State Research Center for Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR

History of Biosafety

• Virus Stocks:

  • _____: Retain smallpox virus stocks for research purposes under strict biosafety measures

Variola Virus

Smallpox is a highly contagious and potentially fatal infectious disease caused by the _____. It was one of the deadliest diseases in human history but has been eradicated through global vaccination efforts.

Biosafety Levels 1–4

History of Biosafety

• Classification of Etiological Agents on the Basis of Hazard: Established by the CDC to define ascending levels of containment (_____) for handling microorganisms based on their risk to humans and the environment

NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules

History of Biosafety

• _____: Provided detailed instructions on microbiological practices and physical containment for research involving genetic engineering to ensure safety and prevent accidental release of genetically modified organisms

Arnold Wedum

• Recognized as a pioneer of biosafety

• Developed foundational principles for assessing the risks of handling infectious microorganisms, guiding the establishment of effective biosafety measures to protect laboratory workers and the environment

Laboratory Biosafety Manual (1983) and Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) (1984)

History of Biosafety

• _____:

  • Landmark publications that formalized guidelines and standards for laboratory safety practices

  • Focused on the safe handling and containment of infectious microorganisms in research and diagnostic labs

Select Agent Regulations

History of Biosafety

• _____: Established to monitor and regulate the transfer, storage, and use of specific organisms and toxins that pose a severe threat to public health and safety

2012 Revision

History of Biosafety

• _____: Introduced a two-tier system for select agents…

  • Tier 1: Includes materials posing the greatest risk of deliberate misuse, such as agents that could be used in bioterrorism (e.g., anthrax, smallpox)

  • Tier 2: Agents that pose a lesser but still significant risk. These materials are considered dangerous but do not present as immediate or severe a threat. These materials are still subject to regulatory oversight and security measures, but the requirements are less stringent.

Tier 1

History of Biosafety

• 2012 Revision: Introduced a two-tier system for select agents…

  • _____: Includes materials posing the greatest risk of deliberate misuse, such as agents that could be used in bioterrorism (e.g., anthrax, smallpox)

  • Tier 2: Agents that pose a lesser but still significant risk. These materials are considered dangerous but do not present as immediate or severe a threat. These materials are still subject to regulatory oversight and security measures, but the requirements are less stringent.

Tier 2

History of Biosafety

• 2012 Revision: Introduced a two-tier system for select agents…

  • Tier 1: Includes materials posing the greatest risk of deliberate misuse, such as agents that could be used in bioterrorism (e.g., anthrax, smallpox)

  • _____: Agents that pose a lesser but still significant risk. These materials are considered dangerous but do not present as immediate or severe a threat. These materials are still subject to regulatory oversight and security measures, but the requirements are less stringent.

Act on Prevention of Infectious Diseases (2005)

History of Biosafety

• _____:

  • Required institutions handling highly dangerous pathogens to implement strict biosafety and biosecurity practices

  • Aimed to prevent accidental release and unauthorized access to dangerous biological agents

ABSA (American Biological Safety Association)

• A regional professional society for biosafety and biosecurity

• Promotes biosafety as a scientific discipline and provides guidance to its members

APBA (Asia-Pacific Biosafety Association)

• A professional society for biosafety professionals in the Asia-Pacific region

• Contributes to the development of best practices in biosafety

EBSA (European Biosafety Association)

• Provides a forum for discussions and debates on biosafety issues

• Encourages communication among members to uphold biosafety standards

Philippine Biosafety and Biosecurity Association (2008)

• A multidisciplinary team with members from the health and education sectors, including individuals from executive, legislative, and judicial branches

• Assists the Department of Agriculture (DA) and Department of Health (DOH) in creating a national policy and implementation plan for lab biosafety and biosecurity

Biorisk Association Philippines

• Addresses emergent concerns in biological risk management across various sectors, including health, agriculture, and technology

• Focuses on the steps to assess, mitigate, and monitor biological risks

Safety Program for the Clinical Laboratory

• Universal/Standard Precautions

• Work Practice Controls

• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Universal/Standard Precautions

Safety Program for the Clinical Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• _____: Treat all blood and body fluids from patients as potentially infectious, regardless of the patient's diagnosis, to prevent the transmission of disease

Work Practice Controls

Safety Program for the Clinical Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• _____:

  • No Mouth Pipetting

  • No Eating, Drinking, Smoking, or Applying Cosmetics

  • Disinfection of Workstations

  • No Recapping/Breaking of Contaminated Needles

  • Disposal of Needles in Puncture-Resistant Containers

  • Minimize Splashing or Generation of Aerosols

  • Frequent Handwashing

Workstations

Safety Program for the Clinical Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Work Practice Controls:

  • No Mouth Pipetting

  • No Eating, Drinking, Smoking, or Applying Cosmetics

  • Disinfection of _____

  • No Recapping/Breaking of Contaminated Needles

  • Disposal of Needles in Puncture-Resistant Containers

  • Minimize Splashing or Generation of Aerosols

  • Frequent Handwashing

Mouth

Safety Program for the Clinical Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Work Practice Controls:

  • No _____ Pipetting

  • No Eating, Drinking, Smoking, or Applying Cosmetics

  • Disinfection of Workstations

  • No Recapping/Breaking of Contaminated Needles

  • Disposal of Needles in Puncture-Resistant Containers

  • Minimize Splashing or Generation of Aerosols

  • Frequent Handwashing

Contaminated Needles

Safety Program for the Clinical Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Work Practice Controls:

  • No Mouth Pipetting

  • No Eating, Drinking, Smoking, or Applying Cosmetics

  • Disinfection of Workstations

  • No Recapping/Breaking of _____

  • Disposal of Needles in Puncture-Resistant Containers

  • Minimize Splashing or Generation of Aerosols

  • Frequent Handwashing

Puncture-Resistant Containers

Safety Program for the Clinical Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Work Practice Controls:

  • No Mouth Pipetting

  • No Eating, Drinking, Smoking, or Applying Cosmetics

  • Disinfection of Workstations

  • No Recapping/Breaking of Contaminated Needles

  • Disposal of Needles in _____

  • Minimize Splashing or Generation of Aerosols

  • Frequent Handwashing

Handwashing

Safety Program for the Clinical Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Work Practice Controls:

  • No Mouth Pipetting

  • No Eating, Drinking, Smoking, or Applying Cosmetics

  • Disinfection of Workstations

  • No Recapping/Breaking of Contaminated Needles

  • Disposal of Needles in Puncture-Resistant Containers

  • Minimize Splashing or Generation of Aerosols

  • Frequent _____

Cleaning

• Definition: The physical removal of dirt, debris, and organic material (like blood or mucus) from surfaces

• Purpose: To reduce the number of microorganisms and prepare surfaces for further decontamination processes

• Effectiveness: Does not necessarily kill or inactivate pathogens but removes contaminants that may harbor germs

• Example: Wiping down surfaces with soap and water

Disinfection

• Definition: The use of chemical agents (disinfectants) to kill or inactivate most harmful microorganisms on surfaces, but not necessarily spores

• Purpose: To eliminate a wide range of pathogens and reduce the risk of infection, especially on non-living surfaces

• Effectiveness: Kills or inactivates most bacteria, viruses, and fungi but may not eliminate all microorganisms (especially spores)

• Example: Using bleach or alcohol-based disinfectants to clean laboratory surfaces

Sterilization

• Definition: The process of completely eliminating or killing all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores

• Purpose: To ensure an item or surface is entirely free from all microorganisms, especially in medical and laboratory settings

• Effectiveness: Kills all microorganisms, including the most resistant forms like spores

• Example: Autoclaving surgical instruments or using ethylene oxide gas to sterilize equipment

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Safety Program for the Clinical Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• _____: This is essential for minimizing exposure to potentially infectious agents and ensuring the safety of laboratory workers. The following are commonly used in clinical laboratories…

  • Gloves

  • Lab Coats

  • Masks

  • Respirators

  • Face Shields

  • Safety Glasses

Safety from Infectious Agents in the Microbiology Laboratory

• Routes of Infection

• Biological Safety Cabinet (BSC)

• Biosafety Levels (BSL)

Routes of Infection

Safety from Infectious Agents in the Microbiology Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• _____:

  • Mucous Membrane Contact: Infection can occur when infectious agents come into contact with mucous membranes, such as in the eyes, nose, or mouth

    • Rubbing the Eyes (Conjunctiva) or Nose with Contaminated Hands

  • Airborne: This transmission occurs when infectious agents become aerosolized, allowing them to travel through the air and potentially be inhaled

    • Inhalation of Aerosols Produced During Centrifugation or Vortexing of Unstoppered Tubes

    • Examples of Infectious Agents: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Brucella, and Francisella

Mucous Membrane Contact

Safety from Infectious Agents in the Microbiology Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Routes of Infection:

  • _____: Infection can occur when infectious agents come into contact with mucous membranes, such as in the eyes, nose, or mouth

    • Rubbing the Eyes (Conjunctiva) or Nose with Contaminated Hands

  • Airborne: This transmission occurs when infectious agents become aerosolized, allowing them to travel through the air and potentially be inhaled

    • Inhalation of Aerosols Produced During Centrifugation or Vortexing of Unstoppered Tubes

    • Examples of Infectious Agents: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Brucella, and Francisella

Airborne

Safety from Infectious Agents in the Microbiology Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Routes of Infection:

  • Mucous Membrane Contact: Infection can occur when infectious agents come into contact with mucous membranes, such as in the eyes, nose, or mouth

    • Rubbing the Eyes (Conjunctiva) or Nose with Contaminated Hands

  • _____: This transmission occurs when infectious agents become aerosolized, allowing them to travel through the air and potentially be inhaled

    • Inhalation of Aerosols Produced During Centrifugation or Vortexing of Unstoppered Tubes

    • Examples of Infectious Agents: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Brucella, and Francisella

Ingestion

Safety from Infectious Agents in the Microbiology Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Routes of Infection:

  • _____: Infection occurs when pathogens are introduced into the digestive system

    • Failure to wash hands before eating or drinking, consuming food or beverages, placing fingers or objects (e.g., pens) in the mouth, or performing mouth pipetting while working in the lab directly exposes individuals to infectious agents

    • Pathogens: Common examples include Salmonella and Shigella, which can cause gastrointestinal infections

  • Direct Inoculation: Infection occurs when infectious agents enter the body through breaches in the skin

    • Punctures from contaminated needles or sharps (e.g., broken glass) and contact with contaminated surfaces through cuts, scratches, or abrasions on the fingers can lead to direct inoculation of infectious agents

    • Pathogens: Includes bloodborne pathogens like Hepatitis viruses (HBV, HCV, HDV) and HIV, which can lead to serious systemic infections

Direct Inoculation

Safety from Infectious Agents in the Microbiology Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Routes of Infection:

  • Ingestion: Infection occurs when pathogens are introduced into the digestive system

    • Failure to wash hands before eating or drinking, consuming food or beverages, placing fingers or objects (e.g., pens) in the mouth, or performing mouth pipetting while working in the lab directly exposes individuals to infectious agents

    • Pathogens: Common examples include Salmonella and Shigella, which can cause gastrointestinal infections

  • _____: Infection occurs when infectious agents enter the body through breaches in the skin

    • Punctures from contaminated needles or sharps (e.g., broken glass) and contact with contaminated surfaces through cuts, scratches, or abrasions on the fingers can lead to direct inoculation of infectious agents

    • Pathogens: Includes bloodborne pathogens like Hepatitis viruses (HBV, HCV, HDV) and HIV, which can lead to serious systemic infections

Mucous Membrane Contact, Airborne, Ingestion, and Direct Inoculation

Routes of Infection

Salmonella and Shigella

Most Frequently Acquired Laboratory Infections (Ingestion)

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Brucella

Most Frequently Acquired Laboratory Infections (Inhalation)

Hepatitis viruses (HBV, HCV, HDV)

Most Frequently Acquired Laboratory Infections (Direct Inoculation)

SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Virus

Most Frequently Acquired Laboratory Infections (Mucous Membrane Contact)

Biologic Safety Cabinets (BSCs)

Safety from Infectious Agents in the Microbiology Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• _____: A containment barrier that protects laboratory workers from aerosolized transmission of organisms while working with infectious agents

  • Air Sterilization: Achieved using heat, UV light, and/or HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filters to eliminate contaminants

Air Sterilization

Safety from Infectious Agents in the Microbiology Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Biologic Safety Cabinets (BSCs): A containment barrier that protects laboratory workers from aerosolized transmission of organisms while working with infectious agents

  • _____: Achieved using heat, UV light, and/or HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filters to eliminate contaminants

Class I

Safety from Infectious Agents in the Microbiology Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Biologic Safety Cabinets (BSCs) Classification:

  • _____:

    • Room air passes into the cabinet, sterilizing only the air to be exhausted

    • Provides protection for the worker and environment but not the sample being handled

Class II

Safety from Infectious Agents in the Microbiology Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Biologic Safety Cabinets (BSCs) Classification:

  • _____:

    • Sterilizes the air that flows over the work surface and the air to be exhausted

    • Ensures protection for the worker, the environment, and the sample

    • Commonly used for tasks requiring contamination-free work areas

Class III

Safety from Infectious Agents in the Microbiology Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Biologic Safety Cabinets (BSCs) Classification:

  • _____:

    • Self-contained, ventilated system with both incoming and outgoing air filtered

    • Features a closed front with attached gloves for manipulation, providing the highest level of containment

    • Designed for handling highly infectious or hazardous agents

Biosafety Levels (BSLs)

Safety from Infectious Agents in the Microbiology Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• _____: These are a series of safety measures and protocols designed to protect laboratory personnel, the environment, and the public when handling infectious agents or biological hazards. Each level corresponds to the degree of risk posed by the agents being handled and specifies containment measures, equipment, and practices required for safe operations.

  • Biosafety Level-1

  • Biosafety Level-2

  • Biosafety Level-3

  • Biosafety Level-4

Biosafety Level-1 (BSL-1)

Safety from Infectious Agents in the Microbiology Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Biosafety Levels (BSLs)

  • _____: Designed for handling organisms that are not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adult humans

    • Examples of Organisms: Bacillus subtilis and Mycobacterium gordonae

    • Safety Measures: Work is performed on open benchtops while following standard precautions

    • Laboratory Requirements: The lab has limited access, biohazard warning signs are displayed, and infectious waste is decontaminated using methods like autoclaving

Biosafety Level-2 (BSL-2)

Safety from Infectious Agents in the Microbiology Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Biosafety Levels (BSLs)

  • _____: Designed for handling common or likely encountered pathogens in a routine clinical laboratory

    • Examples of Organisms: (HBV), (HIV), Staphylococcus species, Enteric Pathogens, Bacillus anthracis, and Yersinia pestis

    • The use of partial containment equipment (e.g., Class I and Class II biological safety cabinets) requires trained personnel, a biosafety manual, and adherence to safety precautions, particularly when handling sharps

Biosafety Level-3 (BSL-3)

Safety from Infectious Agents in the Microbiology Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Biosafety Levels (BSLs)

  • _____: Designed for handling materials suspected of containing uncommon viruses and organisms that can be transmitted by aerosols (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, systemic fungi)

    • Examples of Organisms: Francisella tularensis and Brucella spp

    • Safety Measures: Adherence to standard precautions and use of partial containment equipment (e.g., Class I and Class II biological safety cabinets), controlled access to the laboratory, ducted air ventilation systems to prevent contamination, and the use of special laboratory clothing and personal respirators for additional protection are required for this BSL

Biosafety Level-4 (BSL-4)

Safety from Infectious Agents in the Microbiology Laboratory (General Laboratory Safety)

• Biosafety Levels (BSLs)

  • _____: Designed for research facilities handling exotic viruses, including Filoviruses (e.g., Ebola), Arenaviruses (e.g., Lassa fever), and potential bioterrorist agents like Smallpox

    • Safety Measures:

      • Personnel and all materials are decontaminated before leaving the facility

      • Non-circulating ventilation systems to maintain a controlled environment

      • Maximum containment with separate rooms for changing street clothing into laboratory clothing

Gown

Sequence for Putting On Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

1. _____

2. Mask or Respirator

3. Goggles or Face Shield

4. Gloves

Mask or Respirator

Sequence for Putting On Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

1. Gown

2. _____

3. Goggles or Face Shield

4. Gloves

Goggles or Face Shield

Sequence for Putting On Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

1. Gown

2. Mask or Respirator

3. ____

4. Gloves

Gloves

Sequence for Putting On Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

1. Gown

2. Mask or Respirator

3. Goggles or Face Shield

4. _____

Gloves

Sequence for Removing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

1. _____

2. Goggles or Face Shield

3. Gown

4. Mask or Respirator

5. Hand Hygiene After Removing All PPE

Goggles or Face Shield

Sequence for Removing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

1. Gloves

2. _____

3. Gown

4. Mask or Respirator

5. Hand Hygiene After Removing All PPE

Gown

Sequence for Removing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

1. Gloves

2. Goggles or Face Shield

3. _____

4. Mask or Respirator

5. Hand Hygiene After Removing All PPE

Mask or Respirator

Sequence for Removing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

1. Gloves

2. Goggles or Face Shield

3. Gown

4. _____

5. Hand Hygiene After Removing All PPE

Hand Hygiene

Sequence for Removing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

1. Gloves

2. Goggles or Face Shield

3. Gown

4. Mask or Respirator

5. _____ After Removing All PPE

Hand Hygiene

_____ should be done after every step of donning and doffing

WHO Guidelines

Classification of Microorganisms According to Risk Group

• Based on _____

• Factors for Classification:

  1. Pathogenicity – The ability of the microorganism to cause disease

  2. Mode of Transmission – How the microorganism is spread (e.g., airborne, contact, etc.)

  3. Host Range – The types of organisms (e.g., humans, animals) that can be infected by the microorganism

  4. Availability of Preventive Measures – Whether vaccines or other preventive measures are available

  5. Effective Treatment – Whether there are treatments or cures for the diseases caused by the microorganism

Pathogenicity

Classification of Microorganisms According to Risk Group

• Based on WHO Guidelines

• Factors for Classification:

  1. _____ – The ability of the microorganism to cause disease

  2. Mode of Transmission – How the microorganism is spread (e.g., airborne, contact, etc.)

  3. Host Range – The types of organisms (e.g., humans, animals) that can be infected by the microorganism

  4. Availability of Preventive Measures – Whether vaccines or other preventive measures are available

  5. Effective Treatment – Whether there are treatments or cures for the diseases caused by the microorganism

Mode of Transmission

Classification of Microorganisms According to Risk Group

• Based on WHO Guidelines

• Factors for Classification:

  1. Pathogenicity – The ability of the microorganism to cause disease

  2. _____ – How the microorganism is spread (e.g., airborne, contact, etc.)

  3. Host Range – The types of organisms (e.g., humans, animals) that can be infected by the microorganism

  4. Availability of Preventive Measures – Whether vaccines or other preventive measures are available

  5. Effective Treatment – Whether there are treatments or cures for the diseases caused by the microorganism

Host Range

Classification of Microorganisms According to Risk Group

• Based on WHO Guidelines

• Factors for Classification:

  1. Pathogenicity – The ability of the microorganism to cause disease

  2. Mode of Transmission – How the microorganism is spread (e.g., airborne, contact, etc.)

  3. _____ – The types of organisms (e.g., humans, animals) that can be infected by the microorganism

  4. Availability of Preventive Measures – Whether vaccines or other preventive measures are available

  5. Effective Treatment – Whether there are treatments or cures for the diseases caused by the microorganism

Availability of Preventive Measures

Classification of Microorganisms According to Risk Group

• Based on WHO Guidelines

• Factors for Classification:

  1. Pathogenicity – The ability of the microorganism to cause disease

  2. Mode of Transmission – How the microorganism is spread (e.g., airborne, contact, etc.)

  3. Host Range – The types of organisms (e.g., humans, animals) that can be infected by the microorganism

  4. _____ – Whether vaccines or other preventive measures are available

  5. Effective Treatment – Whether there are treatments or cures for the diseases caused by the microorganism

Effective Treatment

Classification of Microorganisms According to Risk Group

• Based on WHO Guidelines

• Factors for Classification:

  1. Pathogenicity – The ability of the microorganism to cause disease

  2. Mode of Transmission – How the microorganism is spread (e.g., airborne, contact, etc.)

  3. Host Range – The types of organisms (e.g., humans, animals) that can be infected by the microorganism

  4. Availability of Preventive Measures – Whether vaccines or other preventive measures are available

  5. _____ – Whether there are treatments or cures for the diseases caused by the microorganism

Risk Group 1

Classification of Microorganisms According to Risk Group

• _____: Infectious microorganisms that pose minimal or no risk to individuals, the community, and are unlikely to cause disease in humans or animals

  • These microorganisms typically do not cause harm or illness, even under laboratory conditions

  • They are considered to be of low hazard and do not require special containment or precautions

Risk Group 2

Classification of Microorganisms According to Risk Group

• _____: Microorganisms that pose a moderate risk to individuals, with a low risk to the community, and should be handled with caution

  • These microorganisms can cause diseases in humans and animals, but they are not likely to cause serious harm to handlers or the general community

  • Serious infections are possible upon exposure, but the severity of the disease is typically manageable

  • Effective treatments and preventive measures are available, and the spread of disease is usually limited

Risk Group 3

Classification of Microorganisms According to Risk Group

• _____: Microorganisms that pose a high individual risk, with a limited risk to the community, and require enhanced safety measure

  • These microorganisms can cause serious diseases in humans or animals and present a significant hazard to laboratory workers handling them

  • While the risk of community spread is limited, it can be serious if the microorganism escapes the laboratory or environment

  • Effective preventive measures (e.g., vaccines) and treatments are usually available to manage the infections caused by these microorganisms

Risk Group 4

Classification of Microorganisms According to Risk Group

• _____: Microorganisms that pose a high risk to both individuals and the community, requiring the highest level of containment

  • These microorganisms cause life-threatening diseases in humans or animals and present a serious hazard to laboratory workers handling them

  • They are highly transmissible from one individual to another, posing a significant risk of outbreaks

  • No effective treatment or preventive measures (e.g., vaccines) are available, making containment and strict safety protocols essential

Direct Transmission

_____:

• Sex: Transmission through sexual contact

• Oral: Spread via saliva or oral secretions

• Skin-to-Skin (Direct Contact): Transmission by physical contact with an infected person’s skin

Sex

Direct Transmission:

• _____: Transmission through sexual contact

• Oral: Spread via saliva or oral secretions

• Skin-to-Skin: Transmission by physical contact with an infected person’s skin

Oral

Direct Transmission:

• Sex: Transmission through sexual contact

• _____: Spread via saliva or oral secretions

• Skin-to-Skin: Transmission by physical contact with an infected person’s skin

Skin-to-Skin

Direct Transmission:

• Sex: Transmission through sexual contact

• Oral: Spread via saliva or oral secretions

• _____: Transmission by physical contact with an infected person’s skin

Indirect Transmission

_____:

• Vectors: Living organisms (like mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas) that transmit diseases from one host to another

• Vehicles: Non-living objects or substances that carry pathogens

Vectors

Indirect Transmission:

• _____: Living organisms (like mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas) that transmit diseases from one host to another

• Vehicles: Non-living objects or substances that carry pathogens

Vehicles

Indirect Transmission:

• Vectors: Living organisms (like mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas) that transmit diseases from one host to another

• _____: Non-living objects or substances that carry pathogens

High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filter

HEPA Filter:

• Stands for _____

• Designed to trap 99.97% of particles that are 0.3 microns or larger, such as dust, pollen, bacteria, and viruses

99.97%

HEPA Filter:

• Stands for High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filter

• Designed to trap _____ of particles that are 0.3 microns or larger, such as dust, pollen, bacteria, and viruses

0.3 microns or larger

HEPA Filter:

• Stands for High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filter

• Designed to trap 99.97% of particles that are _____, such as dust, pollen, bacteria, and viruses

Bacillus Subtilis

Risk Group 1 Antigens:

• _____

• Bacillus Licheniformis

• Naegleria Gruberi

• Adeno-associated Virus (AAV, all serotypes)

Bacillus Licheniformis

Risk Group 1 Antigens:

• Bacillus Subtilis

• _____

• Naegleria Gruberi

• Adeno-associated Virus (AAV, all serotypes)

Naegleria Gruberi

Risk Group 1 Antigens:

• Bacillus Subtilis

• Bacillus Licheniformis

• _____

• Adeno-associated Virus (AAV, all serotypes)

Adeno-associated Virus (AAV, all serotypes)

Risk Group 1 Antigens:

• Bacillus Subtilis

• Bacillus Licheniformis

• Naegleria Gruberi

• _____

Bacillus Anthracis

Risk Group 2 Antigens:

• _____

• Salmonella (Salmonella Typhi)

• Vibrio Cholerae

• Staphylococcus Aureus

• Hepatitis (Types A, B, C, D and E)

• Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

• Coronavirus (not COVID-19)

• Paramyxoviridae