Westcott Human Physiology Chapter 1 Review Question & Terms

c.regional anatomy

Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?

a.microscopic anatomy

b.muscle anatomy

c.regional anatomy

d.systemic anatomy

a.exercise physiologist

A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________.

a.exercise physiologist

b.microscopic anatomist

c.regional physiologist

d.systemic anatomist

health career, promote heath, respond to health

Name at least three reasons to study anatomy and physiology.

anatomy

science that studies the form and composition of the body's structures

gross anatomy

study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to macroscopic anatomy

homeostasis

steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain

microscopic anatomy

study of very small structures of the body using magnification

physiology

science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body's functions

regional anatomy

study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions

systemic anatomy

systemic anatomy

a.cell

The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) ________.

a.cell

b.molecule

c.organ

d.tissue

a.organ

A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________.

a.organ

b.organelle

c.organism

d.organ system

d.skeletal system

The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________.

a.cardiovascular system

b.endocrine system

c.muscular system

d.skeletal system

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Name the six levels of organization of the human body.

cell

smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles

organ

functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues

organ system

group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function

organism

living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life

tissue

group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function

d.sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Metabolism can be defined as the ________.

A. adjustment by an organism to external or internal change

B. process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions

C. process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells

D.sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

c.stores energy for use by body cells

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________.

A.is the result of catabolism

B.release energy in uncontrolled bursts

C.stores energy for use by body cells

D.All of the above

a.differentiation

Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________.

A differentiation

B reproduction

C responsiveness

D both reproduction and responsiveness

anabolism

assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules

catabolism

breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules

development

changes an organism goes through during its life

differentiation

process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function

growth

process of increasing in size

metabolism

sum of all of the body's chemical reactions

renewal

process by which worn-out cells are replaced

reproduction

process by which new organisms are generated

responsiveness

ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions

oxygen

Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________.

food

nitrogen

oxygen

water

A.all classes of nutrients are essential to human survival

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true?

A All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.

B Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day.

C Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients.

D Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.

c.breaking down stored energy

C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________.

A increasing the blood to her hands and feet

B becoming lethargic to conserve heat

C breaking down stored energy

D significantly increasing blood oxygen levels

nutrient

chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival

pressure

force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance

a.a control center

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________.

A.a control center

B.a set point

C.effectors

D.sensors

c.sweat glands to increase their output

Stimulation of the heat-loss (get rid of) center causes ________.

A. blood vessels in the skin to constrict

B. breathing to become slow and shallow

C. sweat glands to increase their output

D. All of the above

b.childbirth

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?

A. blood pressure regulation

B. childbirth

C. regulation of fluid balance

D. temperature regulation

control center

compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector

effector

organ that can cause a change in a value

negative feedback

homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body's physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed

normal range

range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center

positive feedback

mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus

sensor

(also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center

set point

ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis

Person is standing facing the observer, with the observer, with upper limbs extended out at a ninty-degree angle from the torso and the lower limbs in a wide stance with feet pointing laterally.

What is position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position"?

superior to the popliteal region

Lumbar region is

Mediastinum

The heart is within the

X-ray

In 1901, Wilhelm Rontgen was the 1st person to win the Nobel Prizw for physic. for what discovery did he win?

PET

Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells?

Ultrasound

Which of the following imaging studies can be used most safely during pregnancy?

(1) High cost

(2) The need for shielding from the magnetic signals

What are two major disadvantages of MRI scans?

abdominopelivic cavity

division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera

anatomical position

standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body

Anterior

describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as ventral

anterior cavity

larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity

Caudal (inferior)

describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as inferior

Cell

smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles

computed tomography (CT)

medical imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image is obtained

control center

compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector

Cranial

describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as superior

cranial cavity

division of the posterior (dorsal) cavity that houses the brain

deep

describes a position farther from the surface of the body

development

changes an organism goes through during its life

Differentiation

process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function

Distal

describes a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

Dorsal

describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as posterior

dorsal cavity

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior body cavity

Effector

organ that can cause a change in a value

frontal plane

two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions

Gross Anatomy

study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to macroscopic anatomy

Growth

process of increasing in size

Homeostasis

steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain

Inferior

describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as caudal

Lateral

describes the side or direction toward the side of the body

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body

Medial

describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body

Metabolism

sum of all of the body's chemical reactions

Microscopic Anatomy

study of very small structures of the body using magnification

negative feedback

homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body's physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed

normal range

range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center

nutrient

chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival

Organ

functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues

organ system

group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function

Organism

living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life

Pericardium

sac that encloses the heart

peritoneum

serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there

Physiology

science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body's functions

plane

imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body

pleura

serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs

positive feedback

mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus

Posterior

describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as dorsal

posterior cavity

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as dorsal cavity

pressure

Force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance

prone

face down

Proximal

describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

Regional Anatomy

study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions

renewal

process by which worn-out cells are replaced