HIS 2133-006 Module 12: New Nations II

Africa is going to be in a different context, one of the reasons being…

Prevalent racism

Independence comes later for people in ___ than people in Asia

Africa

You see in some Belgian documents that the colonial powers state…

That they don’t trust people of Africa to be independent

The Cold War used as a justification by colonial powers to…

Try to stay in positions of power in Africa

What was the ideology behind European powers viewing these groups in Africa?

The more closely they resembled European powers, the higher level of civilization, those European powers subscribe to that particular group.

Why was Columbus significant?

Because he gave you up his first impression of the Americas

Columbus and all of these other explorers placed what on how we encounter others?

The place value judgments on the people encountered based on how closely they resemble themselves

In the United States of the Caribbean in French, West Africa, there’s an established movement to promote

Blackness

There’s writers and poets at the time, who expressed a widely shared pride in

Africa

The celebration accompanied by_____protest against European_________.

Grassroots, imperialism

In the mix of all this, you have new…

Urban African elite Leslie create the sort of associations that would be needed to hold things like demonstrations and fights for independence

What was especially important during this time that workers would strike against?

The white bed of workers with strike against labor practices against low wages, and all sorts of issues, and on top of that you would have people who could meet and organize that would be in many ways through the church

What was one of the functions that these churches had?

To carry out for individuals to acquire a sense of management leadership skills

One of the biggest challenges to independence is dealing with…

A European mindset

Ghana becomes independent in___

1957

New states do change their names. Why?

Because these other days were associated with colonizers, so they changed it to reflect Africa’s rich pass, it was a way to sort of break the psychological hold of the colonizers

Which state is seen as inspiring other independence states in Africa to become free?

Ghana, they became free in 1957

Who was the leader of Ghana?

Kramer Nkrumah

Define what Kramer Nkrumah did

Under his leadership you have political parties and strategies for mass action that take place

what was the most famous event in Ghana?

When Queen Elizabeth came to visit and prior to visit, they erected these large posters of both Queen Elizabeth and Nkrumah I’m putting them side-by-side like on an equal basis so we can reflect that they are now equals

British troops had invaded…

Cairo at one point to fight off the Italians there that took place during World War II in Egypt

British had relied on these materials that came from Egypt:

Egyptian cotton, their textile industry, especially after about 1860 when they were able to manipulate the finances a little bit better they could get it really cheap

What state is created out of the end of World War II?

Israel

England had acquired what territory held by the Ottomans during World War I?

Palestine

When World War I ended, which side were the Ottomans on before the war ended?

Decided with Germany, which they then lost

the King was overthrown by the military on the leadership of…

Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser

What four things does Nasser do?

Got the British out of the Canal zone, so the Suez Canal is right there and he’d nationalize it

He got rid of the British. He had them sign. What’s called the evacuation treaty of 1954.

He began building up his military with arms from communist Czechoslovakia

He refused to sign a Baghdad pact.

What was the Suez Canel used for?

They needed it for trade. It will become very important to international trade.

In the summer fall of 1956 England was desperate to get troops back into the canal zone so they started…

Engaging in secret negotiations, particularly with France, but then also with Israel

The US supported the invasion of England and France. True or false?

False the US refused to support it and refuse to do anything

What does Nasser shut down to stop all oil shipments to Western powers?

The Suez Canal he sunk ships to block the canal from oil shipments to these powers

The Baghdad packed that Nasser refuse to sign completely…

Collapsed

What did Nasser build from the funds that were necessary in what Egypt needed?

He built a dam and was able to stand up against the west

When was the Palestine Liberation Organization founded?

In 1964

Three years later, Nasser surrounded Israel and became loss. We call this?

the six day war

What are the results of the six day war?

It’s a short conflict, but Nasser retreats

limited soft rule, began for those in…

Congo from the Belgians

Congo is really held by…

King Leopold

What was published about Leopold?

There were reports of inhumane treatment, therefore he was forced to give up the Belgian government

in 1957 Belgium starts to…

give up Congo

Who is one of the leaders that emerged and becomes an early advocate for independence?

Joseph Kasavubu

There broke out about two years later in 1959

Riots/anti-governemnt riots

In 1916 Belgium convened what’s called the

Round table conference in Brussels

What did they declare from the roundtable conference?

The Congo would be independent June 30, 1960

Congo was known for having some very…

Lucrative natural resources that were located in this area that contained expensive value

With lucrative resources in the mist of the context of the Cold War, this makes everything more…

Difficult

Who was Algeria held by?

The French

What was the year 1960 referred to as?

The year of Africa

What occurred in May of 1945?

The Algerian revolt

The war for Algerian independence really began in 1954 under the…

The national liberation front (FLN)

Hundreds of thousands of______lost their lives before this was all over in 1962 at the end of the war.

Serious

Who is the prominent leader who gained a lot of fame as an Algerian revolutionary?

Frantz Fanon

What was influential about Frantz Fanon?

He was an influential. Proponent of national liberation for colonial people through violent revolution.

He was born in the West Indies, had studied psychiatry and medicine in France

And actually had gone to Algeria to head of psychiatric department in hospital

He participated in battles to free Algeria from the French

He further his fame when he provided sort of ideological support for African nationalism and revolution

And came out with a book titled “the wretched of the Earth”

Explain what Frantz Fanon urged in this book:

He urged the use of violence against colonial oppressors as the means of overcoming the race, racist, aggregation experience by people and developing a colonial nations outside of that bipolar world

When did Frantz Fanon die?

He died right before Algeria was able to gain independence

What were areas held by Portugal?

Mozambique, Angola, and Jeni Beso

What was Portugal’s stance on the areas they held?

They were stubborn and giving up what was theirs and refused.

In 1961 what was Portugal’s response under increasing international pressure?

They stated “they were not colonies, but they were overseas provinces.”

Were these three regions in Africa drawn into the Cold War?

Yes, they were

Which state is the less to become independent?

Kenya

What was Kenya’s largest ethnic group and what did they do?

The Kikuyu, they attacked about the British and what they considered trader Kenyans

They have been forced into reservations by the British and forced to accept work as wage laborers being paid very little in terms of wages

In 1940s what did the Kikuyu engage in?

They engaged in labor, strikes, and even violent direct action campaigns to try to scare people away

When did the Kikuyu break that resolved in Kenya?

1956

By December 1963, Kenya becomes…

An independent state

what movie does the professor referred to in context of going over Rwanda?

she refers to a movie called Hotel Rwanda, that fairly accurately depicts what happened there?

who held Rwanda?

The German until World War I, which then turned over to Belgium