geography topic 5

rural periphery

areas away from the urban core of towns or citys

population density

the average number of people in a given area expressed as people per km2

rural areas have low population densitys and urban areas have high population densitys

found by dividing population by area they inhabit

core region

an area with a high concentration of economic activity, often characterized by a dense population, advanced infrastructure, and high levels of investment

multiplier effect 

when people migrate to core regions for work and spend money they have earned on goods and services leading to the creation of jobs 

conurbations

continued multiplier effect in urban areas leading to outward growth, this process engulfs surrounding towns and villages becoming merged

northern powerhouse

improving transport links between northern cities, investing in science and technology, and providing support to businesses to help them grow and create jobs.

international migration

migration of people between two different countries

what is rural periphery like - population density

the further you move away from the urban core regions the lower the population density.

urban 200+ people per km2

rurual 1-100 people per km2

age structure 

rural areas have older population as it attracts retired people and urban areas attract younger (often single) people with jobs 

high transport costs

public transport is less common in rural areas so people depend on cars because most people drive to work 

economic activitys

any process that involves the production, buying, or selling of goods and services

settlements

rural = market towns, villages and isolated farms that are low rise and cheaper

urban = conurbation, citty, large town. low and high rise buildings. property more expensive

multiplier effect difference with urban and rural areas

multiplier effect is quicker is urban areas and slower in rural

they are efforts and incentives from the government to attract investments away from urban areas to slow down the growing gap between rural and urban areas

enterprise zones

areas in the UK created to encourage new businesses and jobs by offering incentives like tax breaks, simplified planning rules, and financial support for infrastructure and start-up costs

there are 24 in england all in rural areas

investment in infrastructure

motorways are lacking in rural areas which makes transport of goods slow. this allows rural areas to become more connected with urban areas and make them more accessable

regional development grants

funds given to specific geographic areas (targeted at rural areas) to promote economic growth and reduce inequalities.

why young people migrate to urban areas

they might migrate because they are in search of work

age structure in rural areas and reason

the rural periphery has become older due to retirement people due to beautiful scenery, slower pace of life, lower crime rate and sense of community 

how the uk population has been effected by international migration - uk becoming multicultural

in 1950s uk government encourages migration from former colonies (india, pakistan, carribean) because shortage workers

uk population is more ethical and culturally diverse (food and religion)

how the uk population has been effected by international migration - age structure

many migrants are yound adults with children or single males putting pressure on housing and schools

old economy

jobs in primary and secondary industries (mining and manufacturing)

de - industrilisation

closure of factories and industrys in an area

knowledge economy

an economic system where growth is based on knowledge and information rather than on traditional manufacturing or natural resources.

new economy

shift in a country's economic focus from traditional manufacturing to high-tech, knowledge-based industries

tele working

employees work from home under flexible hours allowed by internet acces and improved comunication

footloose

companies that are located anywhere not in specific location

transnational corportation TNC

companies with offices/factorys in many countries around the world. headquarters is normally in developed countries

foreign direct investment FDI

investment from a company in one country into another creating jobs

globalisation

process of the world becoming more interconnected through trade, communication, and cultural exchange

how the uk economy changed - decline in old economy 

de-industrilisation and cheap labour overseas led to decline in uk manufactoring 

1970 40% people had manufacturing jobs and now it is 10% in north east england 

because of this unemployment and child poverty has risen 

how the uk economy changed - rise in new economy

many jobs from primary and secondary industrys have been replaced with part timeservice jobs with low wages (retail)

some jobs created are in the knowledge economy (e.g. banking, finance) needed qualified staff paying high wages, attracting migrants across the world 

free trade and policies

trade without tariffs or import taxes which has encouraged trade within the EU as it enables companies to sell goods at a cheaper price

privatisation

uk industries sold by government to foreign industries

importance of london location - internationally, nationally, regionally 

internationally - as there are lots of london airports it has a large flow of people in and out the city, also eurostar conecting major european cities 

nationally - fast railway services in london and other major uk cities 

regionally - motorways that lead to london

how the structure of london varies - central business district (canary wharf)

age of buildings - old as where city first began

buildings density - very high, high rise offices

land use - commercial (knowledge economy) and retail 

environmental quality - has uk’s worst air quality but has green spaces - hyde park..

inner suburbs - hackney , kensington

age of building - residential

density of buildings - high, densely packed factories and terraced housing

land use - mainly residential

environmental quality - varies, some areas are run down and some done up

Hackney = older factories and house that have been divided into flats.

Kensington = one of most expensive suburbs in world

rural urban fringe - loughton

age of buildings - new

density of building - low density, low rise, semi houses with gardens

land use - largely residential with some industry

environmental quality - high, gardens near epping forest 

migration in london

skilled workers migrate looking for well paid jobs in the knowledge economy. unskilled workers also find jobs easy e.g. pizza delivery, bin collecter

migrants tend to stay together and affect the areas ethnicity/diversity, income, housing (owned, rented) , pressure on schools/services

deprivation

lack of wealth and services, usually means low standards of living caused by low household income, poor health and low education qualifications

correlation between single parent familues and child poverty 

mainly due to household income. there is a close link between levels of deprivation and life expectancy as well as deprivation and crime rates. government collects data producing multiple deprivation showing how deprived a place is  

how deprivation varies in different parts of city - east londonsd

one of most deprived place with low income, 20% children free school meals, 26% adults educated to degree level, 12.3% limiting life long illness - limiting ability to work and earn money

how deprivation varies in different parts of city - south west london

higher income (£41k average). 8.4% children free school meals, 64% adults educated to degree level making it easier to get high paid job, 7.6% have limiting life long illness

london facing decilne = de-industrilisation

london docks closing (1981), waters were to shallow to supports container ships transporting goods .

industries that relied on the docks were closing 

between 1971 and 2001 people working in manufactoring in london fell 22.5%

london facing decilne = de-population

de-industrilisation led to high unemplyment (60%) and depopulation

between 1971 -1981 inner london lost 500,000 people

100,000 of them were areas closest to the docks many moved to suburbs for house with garden which became possible becuase of improvements in transport in london

london facing decilne = decentralisation

shopping activities moved dfrom CBD to suburbs leading to formation of out-of-town, under-cover shopping centres, retail and business parks

decentralisation was also helped by shopping online (e-commerce)

decentralisation = movement of people from urban to local area

what has caused re-urbanisation (where a city regrows after population decline) in london

1. space = closure of docks created space for regeneration, houses & offices built 

2. investment by TNC’s = created jobs (knowledge economy) in old docks with many company headquarters there 

3. gentrification = areas that were previously working class now renewed by middle-class people not wanting to commute

4. studentification = impact of students on local area, their spending regenerates areas. 370,000 university students in london 2015

london growing - rural-urban fringe (transition between urban an a rural area) , culture and leisure

rural-urban fringe - urban areas and people moving from urban to rural areas led to london growing as the boundary between city and countryside becomes harder to locate

culture and leisure - 2012 olympics led to regeneration of former brownfield sites for stadiums etc

brownfield site - unused area, old industrial sites 

regeneration and rebranding of london impacts

makes people want to live there - done by regeneration of buildings and brownfield sites

regeneration and rebranding of london positives

improved environmental quality - run down areas become more desirable

economic opportunities - new jobs created especially in construction and demand for houses is high

regeneration includes = improving transport/transport links, making areas more connected and accessible

regeneration and rebranding of london negatives

londons housing is very expensive

london in need of affordable housing to support people working in new economy on minimum wage

environmental quality low as little open, green space created

the cost of everything (coffee, resteraunts) more expensive, so people having lower quality of life

re-urbanisation

when pepole who used to live in the city and then mmoved to countryside and then more back again to the city 

how london is more sustainable - transport

1. london has congestion charge 2003 charging drivers who drive into central areas of city. cost 80mil to set up making 252mil per annum invested to improve public transport. there are 21% less vehicles going through city and 45% more bus passengers 

2. since 2012 buses are hybrid engines so 40% more fuel efficient (can travel 40% more on same fuel amount) and the carbon footprint is 40% smaller

3. more electric vehicle charging points than petrol station encouraging people to buy electric cars 

how london is sustainable improving quality of life - emplyment

companies encourage people to work from home lowering their carbon footprint and reducing time commuting on crowded trains

number of people working from home doubled in 2012 but still low

how london is sustainable improving quality of life - affordable housing

shared house is more common where people buy 25% or 50% of the property and rent the rest.

there is also affordable housing which isn’t accessible to many people on minimum wage 

how london is sustainable improving quality of life - energy efficient hosing

BedZED is a sustainable company which is energy efficient they use 81% less energy for heating, 45% less energy for electricity and 58% less water than average british home. there are only 100 places that have this in apartments with pop 9million

how london is sustainable improving quality of life - green spaces

high housing demand puts pressure on building on green land destroying rural scenery and farmland. green space is essential for decent quality of life

how london is sustainable improving quality of life - recycling

aims to reduce household waste by 10% by 2020, encourages recyling and composting by providing recycling bins around city.

they are also developing waste burning power stations to generate heat and water

challenges facing rural areas - cornwall

no motorways in cornwall

slow road and rail transport 

no large employers as no large towns and no knowledge economy 

most employment is seasonal, part time and low pay

cornwall decline of primary employment 

because of the decline there are few full time pernament jobs

dairy cows have fallen 60%, over fishing led to decline in fish

cheaper china clay from overseas have reduced the mining jobs (from 10,000 to less than 1000)

the global price fall of tin means its not worth the cost of mining it 

cornwall healthcare issues

38% villages have doctor surgery majority only open 1 morning a week

buses only in 70% villages 3-4 times a day isolating elderly people

main hospital Truro 30 miles away from west cornwall (can be difference between life and death)

students have to travel up to 30 miles for school which is expensive

lack of services makes cornwall one of most deprived areas in uk making quality of life low for young and elderly people

diversification 

finding a wider range of activities to increase income and enable a farm to survive

farm shops opportunities in rural areas

selling local produce to visitors to the area - also creates jobs

tourist accommodation opportunities in rural areas

barn conversions into holiday cottages has created more income

means birds havve less places to nest 

leisure activities opportunities in rural areas

quad biking, horse riding, clay shooting, bird of prey experiences etc…

tourism projects opportunities in rural areas

e.g. eden project -

create 700 local jobs

attracted 13 million people in first 10 years

visitors spending £1 billion in local economy on accomodation and food

issues = 97% visitors travel by car so high carbon emissions 

and popularity decreasing as people don’t return after first visit 

primary industry

extraction and collection of raw materials 

secondary industry

takes raw materials from primary industry and turns them into finished useable products 

quaternary industry

knowledge based industry

tertiary industry

the sector of the economy that provides services not physical products (e.g hairdresser)

globalisation simple

when cultures or businesses increase their interconnectedness (work together) through tranport, trade and communication