Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

These flashcards cover the key concepts and details from the lecture on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, including functions, structures, diseases, and physiological processes.

What are the primary functions of blood in the cardiovascular system?

Transport of gases, nutrients, waste products, processed molecules, hormones; regulation of pH, osmosis, body temperature, protection against foreign substances, and clot formation.

What percentage of blood is made up of plasma and formed elements, respectively?

Plasma constitutes 55% and formed elements make up 45%.

Name the three types of formed elements found in blood.

Platelets, white blood cells (leukocytes), and red blood cells (erythrocytes).

What is the primary role of neutrophils in the blood?

Phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances.

What does hematopoiesis refer to?

The production of blood cells.

What are the two main pathways involved in blood coagulation?

Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

Define anemia.

A deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood.

What dietary plan is known as DASH, and what is its purpose?

A heart-healthy eating plan designed to lower blood pressure by emphasizing healthy foods and limiting unhealthy ones.

What are the functions of arteries in the circulatory system?

Carry blood away from the heart.

What is the structure of capillaries?

Composed of simple squamous epithelial cells (endothelium).

What is the significance of the foramen ovale in fetal circulation?

It allows oxygenated blood to flow directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the right ventricle.

What is the role of type II pneumocytes in the alveoli?

They secrete surfactant, which helps the alveoli expand during inspiration.

What is emphysema?

Destruction of alveolar walls leading to decreased surface area for gas exchange.

What is a common cause of myocardial infarction?

Prolonged lack of blood flow to cardiac muscle due to thrombus formation that blocks a coronary artery.

What establishes the pathway of blood through the heart starting from the vena cavas?

Superior and inferior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valves → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → lung tissue → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta.

What does the term 'lubb' refer to in heart sounds?

The first heart sound, caused by the vibration of the atrioventricular valves when they close during ventricular systole.