History Grade 10 - Ethiopian History

Flashcards about Ethiopian history from 1941-1991

July 26, 1975

Urban Land and Extra Houses were nationalized and made public property.

Kebeles (Urban Dwellers Associations)

Administer housing and neighborhood affairs.

Political role of the military and strategies and tactics of regime’s exercise of power

Caused a split within the civilian political groups after the overthrow of the old regime.

Post-Revolution Political Groupings

A bitter struggle emerged between these political parties: All Ethiopian Socialist Movement (AESM) or MEISON and the EPRP (Ethiopian People Revolutionary Party).

All Ethiopian Socialist Movement

Led by Haile Fida, followed the strategy of critical support to the Derg.

National Democratic Revolution (NDR) Program

Announced on April 20, 1976; envisaged a people’s democratic republic under the leadership of the proletariat.

EPRP

Intensified its armed struggle against supporters and functionaries of the Derg in 1976 and 1977.

Red Terror

Campaign by the military regime to eliminate its opponents, especially the EPRP

Red Terror

By 1978, this succeeded in suppressing opposition in the cities.

Separatist Guerilla Movements

Fought a long civil war against the Derg throughout the 1970s and 1980s in the rural areas of the central and northern highlands.

Workers’ Party of Ethiopia (WPE)

Established in 1984 as a vanguard party by the Derg.

Primary Task of the Workers’ Party of Ethiopia (WPE) in 1984

Devising the new national constitution that would inaugurate the PDRE.

People’s Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE)

Proclaimed in 1987, it was a unitary state made up of 24 administrative and 5 autonomous regions.

Ethio-Somalia War

The Ogaden region had been an area of conflict between Ethiopia and Somalia since Somalia became independent in 1960.

Ethiopia and Somalia Conflict Reason

The major reason for the war was the political agitation of Somalia to bring all Somali speaking territories under one flag.

President Siad Barre of Somalia

Pursued his irredentist policy of achieving the creation of “Greater Somalia”.

Ethiopia Support

The Soviet Union, Cuba, and the Democratic Republic of Yemen supported this country in the Ethio-Somalia War

Somalia Support

The USA and the Arab world supported this country in the Ethio-Somalia War.

Derg

Following the invasion of Somalia, this government mobilized hundreds of thousands of militia forces.

Ethio-Somalia War Impact

In Ethiopia, the victory encouraged Mengistu’s government to focus on fighting the northern opposition forces.

Eritrea

Came under British control in 1941 following the expulsion of the Italians.

1952

Federation of Eritrea with Ethiopia

Eritrea and Ethiopia relations after 1952

The federation of Eritrea with Ethiopia in 1952 gave Eritrea legislative, executive, and judicial power to govern its domestic affairs.

Eritrean Liberation Movement (ELM)

Movement established in 1958 due to discontent among some Eritreans.

Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF)

An organization formed in Cairo in 1960 dedicated to launching an armed resistance

Eritrean People’s Liberation Forces (EPLF)

Founded in 1973, also known as Shabia.

Operation Red Star in 1982

To solve the Eritrean problem once and for all the Derg launched a military campaign.

Military Government

The famine of 1984/5, preceded by drought and crop failure, forced this government to introduce a program of forced mass resettlement.

TPLF Forces

The EPLF joined with these forces that occupied most of northern Ethiopia.

Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) and the Somali Abo Liberation Front (SALF)

Were active in the southern regions like Bale and Hararghe as of 1975

EPRDF (Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front)

Controlled Addis Ababa on May 28, 1991, bringing the end of the Derg regime.

Derg

Adopted Marxism-Leninism as its official ideology and took upon itself the task of building a socialist state in Ethiopia.

Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), the Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF), and the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF)

Opposed and engaged in an armed struggle to overthrow the Derg.

EPRDF (the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front)

The front made up of the TPLF, the EPDM, the OPDO, and the EDORM are known as this front.

July 26 1975

Urban Land and Extra Houses were nationalized and made public property.

Germame Neway

The intellectual leader of the 1960 coup d’état.

Slogan of early Ethiopian Student

Land to the Tiller!

Motto/Philosophy of the Derg

Ethiopia Tikdem

Two superpowers engaged in the 1977 war between Ethiopia and Somalia

USA and the Soviet Union

Two provinces with a strong tradition of peasant uprisings in Ethiopia before the 1974 revolution

Bale and Tigray

Radical measure of the Derg that brought the collapse of the feudal economy in Ethiopia

Nationalization of rural land

Main cause for the defeat of the abortive coup of 1960

Lack of support from the army

Jonatan Dimbleby's 'Hidden Hunger' documentary

Exposed the famine and drought of Wallo to the world

Famous slogan of Ethiopian student movements during the struggle against the imperial regime

Land to the Tiller!

Event that occurred first in chronological order

A proclamation of nationalization of Rural land

The year 1960

Is often considered the year of Africa because more than a dozen of African countries got their independence in this year.

Pan-Africanism

Idea that peoples of African descent have common interests and should be unified.

Key Terms

Includes: Decolonization, Pan Africanism, Guerrilla war, Liberation, Nationalism, Independence

Egypt

First breakthrough toward independence came in North Africa led by this country.

On 1 January 1956, Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ended over this country

Sudan

Morocco

Country proclaimed independent on 2 March 1956.

Tunisia

Led by Habib Bourguiba, who headed the Neo-Destour Party, won its independence in 1956.

National Liberation Front of Algeria” (FLN)

Led by Ahmed Ben Bella waged a bitter guerrilla war of liberation against the French colonial domination from 1954 to 1962.

Algeria

Achieved independence on 1 July 1962.

Gold coast

The first British colony to gain independence in sub-Saharan Africa in general and in West Africa, in particular.

Gold Coast

Became independent in 1957 and adopted the historic name Ghana.

Nigeria

Unlike Ghana where the parties had nationwide support, in this country the parties were essentially divided along the region and ethnic lines.

French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa

The French colonies in Africa were divided into these two territories.

Guinea (Conakry)

Under the leadership of Seko Toure, voted NO to the referendum in 1958

Guinea-Bissau and the Cape Verde Islands

While all the British and French colonies in West Africa had achieved their independence by 1965, it was not until 1973 and 1974 that these countries succeeded in overthrowing Portuguese colonialism.

Portuguese

Portugals policies maintained the policy of keeping their empire intact by any means.

Tanganyika

Won its independence in 1961 under the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) led by Julius Nyerere.

Tanganyika and Zanzibar

They formed a federation called Tanzania in 1964.

Kenya

His road to independence was not smooth compared with the neighboring British colonies.

Kenyan Peasants

Organised a revolt known as Mau Mau between 1952 and 1955

Kenya

Won independence in 1963 and Kenyatta became its first president.

Patrice Lumumba

Congo National Movement was launched in 1958 by this person.

Belgian Congo

Achieved independence on 30 June 1960, named the Republic of the Congo.

Katanga and South Kasai

Provinces that engaged in secessionist struggles against the new leadership shortly after independence.

South West Africa

Taken away from Germany and put under the Republic of South African mandatory rule by the Versailles Peace Treaty.

African National Congress (ANC)

Established in 1912, aimed at struggling for the rights of the black population.

Afrikaner National Party

Party made up of extreme racist groups that came to power in 1948.

In April 1994, this person won the election and held office as the first democratically elected president of the Republic of South Africa.

Nelson Mandela

Pan-Africanism

Idea that peoples of African descent have common interests and should be unified.

Fifth Pan-African Congress at Manchester in October 1945

African delegates dominated at the Congress, where the focus of the discussions was the liberation of colonized Africa.

Union of African States

Short-lived and loose regional organization was formed in 1958 between the West African nations of Ghana and Guinea.

African States

Established the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in May 1963.

The Assembly of the Heads of State and Government

The organization’s supreme organ which met once a year, in a different capital city, although it could also meet in extraordinary session.

The Council of Ministers

Normally met twice a year or in special sessions; its principal responsibility was preparing the assembly’s agenda.

The General Secretariat

Headed by a secretary-general, appointed by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government and was responsible for the administration of the OAU.

OAU

Success was decolonization, but its major failing was its inability to bring peace, prosperity, security, and stability to Africa.

New organization-the African Union (AU)

Launched in July 2002 in Durban, South Africa.

African Development

Two of the principal factors adversely affecting African developments in the 1980s and 1990s have been international debt and drought.

Regional Economic Communities (RECs)

Established in different regions of Africa to facilitate regional economic integration between members.

Purpose of RECs

Facilitate regional economic integration between members of the individual regions and through the wider African Economic Community (AEC).

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)

Was formed in December 1994, replacing a Preferential Trade Area which had existed since 1981.

African Countries Ties

Most African countries, products of colonialism, have stronger ties with their former colonial masters.

Root of the ethnic conflicts

Political, economic and social injustices

Igbo

Distribution of wealth was unequal, as the people of the southeast region had greater prosperity due to palm oil and petroleum resources).

Causes of poverty

Rapid population growth, war and crises, climatic conditions, and diseases.

Key causes of poverty in Africa

Rapid population growth, War and Crises, Climatic Conditions, Diseases, Inadequate agricultural infrastructure.

Development and Economic Growth

The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) started construction in April 2011 and is a central part of Ethiopia’s ambitions for economic prosperity.

Africa’s Democratic Wave

By the 1990s profound democratic reforms had swept across the entire continent.

Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Front (EPRDF)

Marxist military junta was toppled by this coalition of ethno-nationalist forces

Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF)

Dominant political group within the EPRDF.

Transitional government

The OLF withdrew from what government?

1995 Constitution

States that Ethiopia is a multi-ethnic nation.

Rule of law, self-determination, popular (or ethnic) sovereignty, inter-ethnic and inter-religious equality, and gender equality.

Principles of state priorities

House of Peoples’ Representatives (HPR)

Was the supreme political organ in the country.

House of Federation (HoF)

The Upper House, a representative body whose members are representatives of each “Nation, Nationality, and People