Video Notes Review: Perfusion, Oxygenation, Inflammation, Infection - VOCABULARY Flashcards

A set of 100 Vocabulary flashcards covering perfusion, oxygenation, inflammation, infection, and related topics as presented in the video notes.

Perfusion

The circulation of blood through tissue beds to deliver oxygen and nutrients.

Vital Signs

Clinical measurements that reflect core body functions: BP, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, and oxygen saturation.

Infection

Invasion and multiplication of pathogens in the body triggering an immune response.

Inflammation

Protective bodily response to injury or invasion with redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

Oxygenation

Process of delivering oxygen from lungs to blood and tissues.

Cardiac Output

Total blood pumped by the heart per minute (heart rate × stroke volume).

Hypotension

Low blood pressure, indicating reduced perfusion.

Hypertension

Chronic elevated blood pressure.

Orthostatic Hypotension

BP drop on standing causing dizziness.

Bleeding

Loss of blood; monitor hemodynamics.

Anemia

Low red blood cell count or hemoglobin reducing oxygen-carrying capacity.

PMI (Point of Maximal Impulse)

Location of the strongest apical pulse, typically at the 5th intercostal space midclavicular line.

BP Cuff Selection

Choosing cuff size appropriate to arm circumference for accurate BP.

Pain Assessment

Systematic evaluation of pain intensity, quality, location, duration.

Pain Priority

Prioritization of analgesia based on pain severity and patient safety.

Pain Best Assessment Techniques

Optimal methods to assess pain, typically patient self-report scales and observational tools.

Pain Medication Prioritization

Sequencing analgesics by pain level, safety, and contraindications.

Hyperthermia Interventions

Strategies to reduce fever, including antipyretics and cooling measures.

Abnormal Finding Interventions

Actions when assessment results are outside normal ranges.

Irregular Pulse

Pulse that is not regular in rate or rhythm (arrhythmia).

Hypothermia

Abnormally low body temperature.

Surgery

Medical procedure to diagnose, treat, or manage disease.

Hypertension Stage 1

Mildly elevated BP stage per guidelines.

Hypertension Stage 2

More significant elevation of BP with greater risk.

Systemic Response

Whole-body response to infection or injury (systemic inflammation).

Chain of Infection

Sequence of steps enabling infection spread: reservoir, exit, transmission, entry, susceptible host.

Standard Precautions

Infection-prevention practices applied to all patients (hand hygiene, PPE).

Isolation

Separating individuals to prevent transmission of infection.

Handwashing

Cleansing hands to remove microbes; essential infection control.

HAIs

Healthcare-associated infections.

PPE Don and Doff

Donning and doffing PPE safely to prevent contamination.

Asepsis

Procedures and practices aiming to prevent infection.

Inflammatory Response

Vascular and cellular response to injury or infection, including vasodilation and immune cell recruitment.

Systemic Inflammatory Response

Widespread inflammatory process affecting multiple organ systems.

Inflammation Risk Factors

Conditions or exposures that increase risk of inflammatory disease.

Inflammation Assessment

Evaluation of signs, symptoms, and laboratory indicators of inflammation.

ESR

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate; a blood test indicating inflammatory activity.

Nursing Interventions (RICE)

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation used for acute injuries to limit swelling and pain.

Treatment (Inflammation)

Management of inflammation with medications (e.g., NSAIDs, steroids) and supportive care.

Conditions Associated with Inflammation

Diseases commonly linked to inflammatory processes.

Complications (Inflammation)

Potential adverse outcomes of inflammation, such as tissue damage or chronic disease.

Chronic Inflammation

Persistent inflammation lasting months to years.

Steps in an Acute Inflammatory Response

Vasodilation, increased permeability, chemotaxis, phagocytosis.

Prioritization with Inadequate Oxygenation

Prioritizing interventions to improve oxygenation when it is insufficient.

Adequate Ventilation Assessment

Evaluation confirming sufficient air exchange and ventilatory support.

Inadequate Oxygenation Assessment

Assessment for low oxygen levels requiring intervention.

Physiology of Oxygenation

Mechanisms of ventilation, diffusion, perfusion, and transport.

Age-Related Changes in Oxygenation

Age-associated effects on chest wall compliance, diffusion, and gas exchange.

Oxygen Delivery Systems

Devices that deliver supplemental oxygen to patients.

Nasal Cannula

Low-flow oxygen delivery through prongs at the nostrils.

Simple Mask

Mask delivering moderate concentrations of oxygen.

Non-Rebreather Mask

Mask with reservoir delivering high FiO2 via one-way valves.

Rebreather Mask

Mask allowing exhaled air to mix with oxygen, enabling high oxygen delivery.

Venturi Mask

Mask providing precise FiO2 through a Venturi adapter.

High Flow Oxygen

Oxygen delivered at high flow rates with humidification for comfort and adequate oxygenation.

Oxygen Flow Rates

Amount of oxygen delivered in liters per minute to patient.

Delegation to UAPs

Assigning appropriate nursing tasks to unlicensed assistive personnel under supervision.

Pneumonia Prevention

Measures such as turning, coughing techniques, incentive spirometry, and vaccination to prevent pneumonia.

Pneumonia Treatment

Therapies including antibiotics, fluids, oxygen therapy, and supportive care.

Pneumonia Order of Care

Sequence of care steps for pneumonia management (assessment, antibiotics, oxygen, monitoring).

Pneumonia Collaboration

Multidisciplinary teamwork in pneumonia care.

Ventilation, Perfusion (Alveolar)

Relationship between alveolar ventilation and alveolar perfusion that affects gas exchange.

Transport (Hemoglobin Role)

Hemoglobin's function in carrying and delivering oxygen during circulation.

Atelectasis (Impact)

Alveolar collapse reducing oxygenation and lung compliance.

Atelectasis Teaching

Education on prevention and treatment of atelectasis (deep breathing, spirometry).

Atelectasis Interventions

Interventions such as incentive spirometry and coughing to reopen collapsed airways.

Factors Affecting Oxygenation (Cardiopulmonary Function/Dysfunction)

Cardiac and pulmonary factors that influence oxygen delivery and gas exchange.

Asthma Assessment Findings

Findings such as wheeze, dyspnea, chest tightness.

Oral Medications

Medications administered by mouth (tablets, capsules, liquids).

Priority BP

BP values that require priority assessment or intervention in patient care.

Systemic Bacterial Infection

Infection affecting the whole body that can lead to sepsis.

Local Inflammation

Inflammation confined to a specific area near injury or infection.

Acute-phase Reactants

Proteins produced by the liver during acute inflammation (e.g., CRP, fibrinogen).

Fever

Elevated body temperature often signaling infection or inflammation.

Antipyretics

Medications that reduce fever (e.g., acetaminophen, NSAIDs).

Oxygen Saturation

Percentage of hemoglobin binding sites occupied by oxygen in the blood.

Pulse Oximetry

Noninvasive method to estimate oxygen saturation (SpO2).

Ventilation

Movement of air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange.

Perfusion Scans

Imaging tests to assess blood flow to lungs or other tissues.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs between air and blood.

Capillary Exchange

Movement of gases, nutrients, and wastes between capillaries and tissue cells.

Diffusion

Movement of gas molecules from higher to lower concentration across a membrane.

Hemoglobin

Oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.

Myocardial Oxygen Demand

Oxygen required by the heart muscle to function.

Hypoxemia

Low oxygen level in the blood.

Hypercapnia

Elevated carbon dioxide level in the blood.

Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels during inflammation to increase blood flow.

Increased Vascular Permeability

Leakage of fluid into tissues during inflammation causing edema.

Chemotaxis

Movement of white blood cells toward infection sites guided by chemical signals.

Phagocytosis

Engulfing and digestion of pathogens by phagocytes.

Leukocytosis

Increased white blood cell count during infection.

NSAIDs

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; reduce inflammation, pain, and fever.

Corticosteroids

Steroid anti-inflammatory agents that suppress inflammation and immune responses.

RICE

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation for acute injury management.

Incentive Spirometry

Breathing exercise to expand lungs and prevent atelectasis.

Deep Breathing Exercises

Techniques to promote lung expansion and clearance of secretions.

Coughing Techniques

Methods to facilitate secretion clearance from airways.

V/Q Ratio

Ventilation-perfusion ratio describing matching of air to blood in lungs.

Asthma Triggers

Factors that provoke asthma symptoms (allergens, exercise, cold air).