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Natural Selection
Process where organisms better adapted survive.
Genetic Drift
Random changes in allele frequencies in populations.
Mutation
Changes in DNA sequence creating genetic diversity.
Gene Flow
Transfer of genes between populations through migration.
Sexual Selection
Preference for certain traits in mate selection.
Natural Selection
Process where individuals with advantageous traits survive.
Microevolution
Small-scale evolution; allele frequency changes in populations.
Allele
Variant of a gene at a specific genomic location.
Genetic Drift
Random changes in allele frequencies due to chance.
Gene Flow
Transfer of alleles between different populations.
Genetic Variation
Differences in genes among individuals in a population.
Phenotype
Observable traits resulting from genotype and environment.
Heterozygous Loci
Loci with two different alleles in an individual.
Nucleotide Variability
Differences in nucleotide sequences among individuals.
Point Mutation
Change in a single nucleotide in DNA sequence.
Heterozygote Protection
Recessive harmful mutations hidden in heterozygous individuals.
Neutral Variation
Genetic variation with no selective advantage or disadvantage.
Mutation
Change in DNA sequence that can create new alleles.
Rapid Reproduction
Fast generation times lead to quick accumulation of mutations.
Crossing Over
Exchange of genetic material during meiosis.
Independent Assortment
Random distribution of chromosomes into gametes.
Fertilization
Random combination of gametes from parents.
Hardy-Weinberg Equation
Mathematical formula to test population evolution.
Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions
Conditions for a population to remain in genetic equilibrium.
Seed Shortage Example
Medium ground finches evolved larger beaks for survival.
Environmental Influence
External factors affecting phenotypic variation.
Mendel's Work
Established principles of heredity through pea plant studies.
Population
Group of interbreeding individuals in the same area.
Gene Pool
All alleles at every locus in a population.
Locus
Specific location of a gene on a chromosome.
Homozygous
Having identical alleles for a gene.
Heterozygous
Having different alleles for a gene.
Genotype Frequency
Proportion of each genotype in a population.
Allele Frequency
Proportion of each allele in a population.
Diploid Organisms
Organisms with two alleles per locus.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Stable allele frequencies in a non-evolving population.
Natural Selection
Differential survival and reproduction based on traits.
Genetic Drift
Random fluctuations in allele frequencies.
Founder Effect
Allele frequency changes due to a small founding population.
Bottleneck Effect
Reduction in population size affecting genetic diversity.
Gene Flow
Movement of alleles between populations.
Relative Fitness
Contribution to the next generation's gene pool.
Directional Selection
Favors one extreme phenotype in a population.
Disruptive Selection
Favors both extreme phenotypes over intermediates.
Stabilizing Selection
Favors intermediate phenotypes, reducing variation.
Sexual Selection
Selection based on traits that enhance mating success.
Intrasexual Selection
Competition among the same sex for mates.
Intersexual Selection
Mate choice based on traits of the opposite sex.
Good Genes Hypothesis
Females choose mates based on genetic quality.
Balancing Selection
Maintains multiple phenotypes at stable frequencies.
Frequency-dependent Selection
Fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency.
Heterozygote Advantage
Heterozygotes have higher fitness than homozygotes.
Adaptive Evolution
Increase in traits enhancing survival over time.
Mendelian Segregation
Separation of alleles during gamete formation.
Mutation
Random changes in DNA affecting allele frequencies.
