Ch 11; Exam 2 - Diet and Health

Top causes of death that are chronic diseases

Heart disease, cancers, strokes, Diabetes

Vitamin A

Maintains healthy skin and other epithelial tissues (barries to infection);

role in cellular replication and specialization that supports immune cell and antibody production and the anti - inflammatory response

Vitamin D

Regulates immune cell (T cells) responses; role in antibody production

Vitamin C and E

Protect against oxidative damage

Vitamin B6 and Zinc

Helps maintain an effective immune response; role in antibody production

Vitamin B12 and folic acid

Assist in cellular replication and specialization that support immune cell and antibody production

Selenium

Protects against oxidative damage

Chronic inflammation

A slow, long - term response that gets stuck, instead of healing, it slowly damages your body over months or years.

White blood cells do not just stop ______ ; they are the ones ______ it

Inflammation; Controlling

Oxidative Products ( Reactive Oxygen Species)

an oxygen molecule that has lost an electron or has an unpaired electrons. this makes it incredibly angry and unstable. To fix itself, it will aggressively crash into the nearest thing (like a bacterium, a virus, or your own healthy cells) to steal an electron back

Dietary contributions to disease

High fat

Hypertension is

high blood pressure

Atherosclerosis is

a progressive disease where fat, cholesterol, and calcium build up as Plaque inside the inner walls of your arteries

Atherosclerosis is the most common form of

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

is the disease of heart and blood vessels

The heart muscle has

an extremely limited ability to heal itself, grow new cells, or replace damaged tissues after an injury (like during a heart attack)

CVD is the #_ leading cause of death in the U.S.

#1

CVD diseases do not happen _____ they follow a step by step chain in events? what are those steps?

overnight;

Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, Coronary Heart Disease

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

When atherosclerosis occurs specifically in the arteries that feed the heart muscle. if a peice of plaque ruptures, a blood clot forms and can completely block blood flow, causing a Heart Attack

Stroke

When atherosclerosis occurs in the blood vessels feeding the brain

Age ___ is the official medical threshold where a man’s risk for a heart attack shifts into the “high” category

45

Age ___ is the critical biological threshold where the risk of CVD shifts into the “high” category

55

although not everyone has signs of atherosclerosis by age __, but they very earliest biological foundation of the disease is present in nearly all adults by that age.

30

the absolute earliest roots of atherosclerosis can begin as early as ____ and ______

Infancy and childhood

Inflammation

bodies attacking plaque

Thrombus

Stationary clot

Thrombosis

clot that has grown large

Embolus

Clot breaks free

Embolism

Clot travels and gets stuck

Which of the following is a primary way that Omega-3 fatty acids help prevent the progression of cardiovascular disease?

They lower triglyceride levels and reduce inflammation in the artery walls.

How do Omega-3 fatty acids directly reduce the immediate risk of a heart attack or stroke in someone who already has built-up plaque?

They stabilize existing plaque by making its protective cap thicker, preventing it from rupturing.

Omega-3 fatty acids are known to make blood vessel cell membranes more fluid and elastic. Which stage of the cardiovascular disease "domino effect" does this specific biological benefit target first?

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure), by reducing resistance and physical stress on artery walls.

Atherogenic Diet

high saturated fat, low in fiber, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

What is the standard recommended target number for Total Cholesterol in a healthy adult?

200 mg/dl

What is the ideal target number for LDL ("bad") Cholesterol for a normal, healthy individual?

100mg/dl

What is the optimal number for HDL ("good") Cholesterol that provides the best protection against heart disease?

60 mg/dl

To keep blood vessels healthy, what is the normal recommended ceiling value for fasting Triglycerides?

150 mg/dl

What is the standard baseline reading for Blood Pressure that marks the exact line between "Normal" and "Elevated"?

120/80

Hypertension and Atherosclerosis both worsen ___?

CVD

Fat and Fiber are ____% of calories from diet

20-35%

Saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat are __%

10%

Trans fat is

Less than 1%

Partially Hydrogenated Oils are known as

Trans fat

Fully Hydrogenated Oils are known as

Saturated fat

What does the acronym DASH stand for

Dietary Approaches to stop hypertension

According to the DASH diet, how many total combined daily servings of fruits and vegetables are recommended for an individual on a standard 2,000-calorie plan?

8 to 10 servings per day

DASH diet is a

healthy eating plan designed to lower blood pressure. it works by cutting back on salt (Sodium) and eating more fruits, veggies, and whole grains.

how much lean meat should you eat each week on the DASH diet?

5 to 6 ounces of lean meat per day

how much fish should you eat each week on the DASH diet?

at least 2 times per week.

what is the DASH diet rule for drinking alcohol, specifically red wine?

Alcohol should be limited, but up to 1 glass of red wine per day is allowed for women (up to 2 for men) as part of a heart-healthy lifestyle.

Systolic pressure - Upper

120

Diastolic pressure - lower

80

Diabetes is also known as

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Diabetes is

a group of diseases that result in too much sugar in the blood (High Blood Sugar)

hgbA1c stands for

Hemoglobin A1c

n simple terms, what does the HgbA1c lab test measure?

t measures glucose control by showing a three-month average of your blood sugar levels.

In simple terms, what causes Type 1 diabetes and who does it usually affect?

It usually affects youth. It is an autoimmune condition where the body attacks its own pancreas, causing it to stop making insulin.

In simple terms, what is Type 2 diabetes and what are its main characteristics?

It usually affects adults who still make insulin, but their tissue receptors fail to recognize it. It is highly genetic and strongly associated with obesity.

In simple terms, what is Gestational diabetes and when does it go away?

It is a temporary form of diabetes that occurs only during pregnancy because placenta hormones block insulin. It completely goes away once the baby is delivered.

In simple terms, what does it mean to be insulin resistant and what common oral medication is used to treat it?

It means the body's tissues do not respond properly to insulin. It is often treated with the oral medication Metformin.

DM is the #1 cause of ____ in the U.S.

Blindness

In simple terms, how do high blood sugars cause tingling, numbness, and poor wound healing?

High blood sugars damage nerve endings (causing tingling and numbness) and decrease blood circulation and oxygen flow, which makes it incredibly difficult for wounds to heal and can lead to tissue death.

In simple terms, how do chronic high blood sugars affect the gums, heart, and kidneys?

They deteriorate gums (leading to decay), drastically increase the risk of a heart attack or stroke, and stress the kidneys as they strain to filter out excess sugar, which can lead to kidney failure and dialysis.

Does being diagnosed with diabetes mean an individual is guaranteed to experience these severe complications?

No. These complications are not automatic; they are specifically caused by uncontrolled high blood sugars over a long period of time. Keeping blood sugars in a healthy range prevents them.

In simple terms, what happens to the bloodstream during insulin resistance?

Because cells refuse to let insulin and sugar in, both glucose and insulin build up to high levels inside the bloodstream at the same time

In simple terms, what happens to the pancreas if insulin resistance goes on for too long?

No. An individual can be insulin resistant without being diabetic, though it is a major warning sign that can eventually lead to prediabetes and type 2 diabetes if left unmanaged.

Which of the following is a common physical symptom or skin change associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes?

Weight changes, skin discoloration (dark patches), and skin tags

Cancer is the ___ leading cause of death

second

In simple terms, what causes cancer?

is caused by changes (mutations) in a cell's DNA. This damage breaks the cell's normal instructions, causing it to grow and multiply out of control.

In simple terms, where does cancer start and what triggers it?

Cancer arises in the genes. It begins when a cell's DNA is damaged by a carcinogen (a cancer-causing substance).

What normally happens to a damaged cell, and what goes wrong to cause a tumor?

Normally, a damaged cell undergoes cellular repair or self-destruction. However, if the cell loses its ability to self-destruct, it begins to replicate uncontrollably, which forms a mass of abnormal tissue.

In simple terms, what is a promoter in relation to cancer development?

A promoter is a substance that does not cause cancer on its own, but speeds up the development of cancer once the DNA is already damaged.

What are the four main stages of cancer development in order?

Exposure to a carcinogen, Initiation, Promoter, Metastasis

Exposure to a carcinogen

contact with a cancer causing substance

Initiation

the very first cancer cells begin to form due to DNA damage

Promoter

a substance that speeds up the growth process

Metasastasis

the cancer spreads to other areas of the body

Omega 3 prevents

cancer development