Chapter 29 Biology lab

Alveoli

tiny sacs at the end of bronchioles, circulate oxygenated air and carbon dioxide as gas exchange (O2 in, CO2 out)

Bronchioles

air passages that take in air

Diaphragm

dome-shaped muscle below the legs that contracts rhythmically to assist with respiration

Gills

gas exchange in aquatic animals, function identically to lungs

Lungs

gas exchange organs, located in chest

Pharynx

tube-like structure that is a passage for air to enter the larynx and lungs

Spiracle

opening in exoskeleton of insects that allows air to enter trachea so that oxygen is directly delivered into tissue

Tracheoles

tubes in insects and spiders for O2/CO2 exchange

Diffusion

movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Osmosis

for water, movement of molecules from low to high concentration

Cutaneous respiration

gas exchange through skin as opposed to gills or lungs

Hemocyanin

protein that transports oxygen in molluscs and arthropods

tracheodes

small openings on the body that deliver oxygen directly into organisms’ body

Lamellae

thin, fold/plate like structure arising from gill filaments, its capillaries act as a site of gas exchange

Operculum

protective covering over delicate gills consisting of bone and muscle

RAM ventilation

fish swim with mouths open for water flow (sharks, tuna, some goldfish gulp air)

Trachea

passageway for air into lungs, coughing occurs to expel food or water if accidentally enters trachea

Spirometer

measures human respiratory volume, assesses lung function and diagnoses lung disease

Vital capacity (VC)

max air exhaled after full inhalation

Residual volume (RV)

air left after max exhale

Total lung capacity (TLC)

VC(vital capacity) + RV(residual volume)

Tidal volume

~500 ml per breath

Inspiratory reserve volume

additional air inhaled w/ max effort

Expiratory reserve volume

additional air exhaled w/ max effort

Dead space air

air in trachea/bronchi not used in exchange