Module 5: Pediatric Growth, Development, and Nursing Care

Comprehensive flashcards covering pediatric milestones, Erikson/Piaget stages, physical assessment techniques, age-appropriate play, pain assessment tools, vital signs, and common communicable diseases.

By what age does an infant's birth weight typically double?

By $6\,months$

By what age does an infant's birth weight typically triple?

By $12\,months$

According to Piaget, which cognitive stage do infants ($Birth-1\,Year$) experience?

Sensorimotor stage

What cognitive milestone involves an infant's ability to understand that objects exist even when out of sight?

Object permanence

According to Erikson, what is the psychosocial stage for infants?

Trust vs. Mistrust

What is an infant's typical understanding of death?

No understanding of death

By what age should the anterior fontanel of a toddler close?

By $18\,months$

Which cognitive stage shift occurs during the toddler years ($1-3\,Years$)?

Transition from sensorimotor to preoperational stage

According to Erikson, what psychosocial stage is characteristic of toddlers?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

At what age range do children begin to ride a tricycle?

Preschooler ($3-6\,Years$)

What is the average weight gain per year for a preschooler?

$$2-3\,kg/year$$

What is the average height growth per year for a preschooler?

$$6-9\,cm/year$$

What type of thinking is common in preschoolers who use their imagination and believe thoughts can influence reality?

Magical thinking

According to Erikson, what is the psychosocial stage for preschoolers?

Initiative vs. Guilt

How do preschoolers typically view death?

As temporary

What is the average height growth per year for a school-age child ($6-12\,Years$)?

$$5\,cm/year$$

According to Piaget, which cognitive stage is associated with school-age children?

Concrete Operations

According to Erikson, what psychosocial stage occurs during the school-age years?

Industry vs. Inferiority

At what development stage does a child begin to understand that death is permanent?

School-Age ($6-12\,Years$)

According to Piaget, which cognitive stage is reached during adolescence?

Formal Operations

According to Erikson, what psychosocial stage are adolescents ($12-20\,Years$) in?

Identity vs. Role Confusion

How should a nurse sequence a physical assessment for an infant to ensure accuracy?

Perform the least invasive parts of the assessment first

Why is it important for the caregiver to be present during an infant's physical assessment?

Because infants rely on nonverbal communication and may become distressed by strangers

Where is the best place for a toddler to sit during a physical examination to reduce fear?

On a caregiver's lap

How do toddlers often perceive physical examinations in terms of their body?

As a threat to body integrity

When should a nurse explain a procedure to a preschooler?

Immediately before performing it

What developmental concern of school-age children makes privacy more important during an assessment?

Concern about body image

How should a nurse involve an adolescent in their healthcare?

Treat them with respect, provide confidential time, and involve them in decision-making

What type of play is characteristic of infants?

Solitary play

What type of play is characteristic of toddlers where they play beside but not with others?

Parallel play

What type of play involves preschoolers engaging in imaginative activities like dress-up and role-playing?

Associative play

What type of play is standard for school-age children?

Cooperative and team play

What are appropriate play activities for infants to stimulate senses?

Rattles, mobiles, mirrors, and music

What are appropriate toys for toddlers?

Push-pull toys, large blocks, and puzzles with large pieces

How does play help preschoolers undergoing medical treatments?

It helps them express fears and understand procedures

What kind of activities benefit hospitalized school-age children?

Activities that provide a sense of accomplishment, such as crafts or building models

Why is peer interaction important for hospitalized adolescents?

Hospitalization can cause feelings of isolation, as peer relationships are very important at this stage

What are the primary health promotion concerns for infants?

Immunizations, safe sleep, nutrition, and injury prevention

What is the highest health promotion priority for toddlers?

Injury prevention

Name three common safety risks for toddlers.

Falls, poisoning, and drowning

What are key lifestyle health concerns for preschoolers?

Obesity prevention, physical activity, and limited screen time

What social safety issue becomes a focus during the school-age years?

Bullying

What safety equipment should nurses promote for school-age children?

Helmets and seat belts

According to Healthy People 2030, what are the health priorities for adolescents?

Mental health, substance abuse prevention, and sexual health

What does the acronym FLACC stand for in pain assessment?

Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability

What is the approximate age range for using the FLACC scale?

$2\,months$ to $7\,years$

For what age group is the FACES Pain Rating Scale appropriate?

$3\,years$ and older

Which pain scale uses photographs of children showing different levels of pain?

Oucher Scale

What is the age range for the Oucher Scale?

$$3-13\,years$$

What is the minimum age recommended for using the Numeric Rating Scale?

$5\,years$ and older

What is the score range for the FLACC and Numeric Rating Scales?

$$0-10$$

How do infants typically express pain?

Crying, facial grimacing, rigidity, or withdrawal from stimuli

Name three effective non-pharmacological interventions for infant pain relief.

Swaddling, nonnutritive sucking, and kangaroo care

Which pain scale is most appropriate for a toddler who cannot yet describe pain numerically?

FLACC Scale

Why might a preschooler believe that pain or illness is a punishment?

Because of their developmental engagement in magical thinking

What are appropriate pain-management strategies for school-age children?

Relaxation techniques, deep breathing, and distraction with video games or music

What behavior might an adolescent exhibit when experiencing pain to appear 'mature'?

They may try to hide their pain

What is the normal heart rate range for a newborn?

$$110-160/min$$

What is the normal respiratory rate range for a newborn?

$$30-35/min$$

What is the normal heart rate range for a child aged $3\,months$ to $2\,years$?

$$70-150/min$$

What is the normal respiratory rate range for a toddler ($3\,months$ to $2\,years$)?

$$25-30/min$$

What is the heart rate range for children aged $2-10\,years$?

$$60-110/min$$

What is the typical respiratory rate for a child aged $6-12\,years$?

$$19-21/min$$

What is the heart rate range for a child aged $10\,years$ and older?

$$50-90/min$$

Why do heart and respiratory rates decrease as a child grows?

Body systems mature and become larger and more physiologically efficient

Which vaccine is typically administered to newborns shortly after birth?

Hepatitis B vaccine

List the vaccines typically administered at $2$, $4$, and $6\,months$ of age.

DTaP, IPV, Hib, PCV, Rotavirus, and Hepatitis B

Which vaccines are introduced for toddlers at $12-15\,months$ of age?

MMR, Varicella, and Hepatitis A

What vaccines are recommended specifically for adolescents?

Tdap, HPV, and Meningococcal vaccines

What are normal expected side effects of immunizations in children?

Mild soreness at the injection site, low-grade fever, redness, or irritability

When should parents seek immediate medical attention after a vaccination?

If the child shows signs of a severe allergic reaction, like difficulty breathing

What is the medical name for Measles?

Rubeola

What are Koplik spots and which disease are they associated with?

Small white spots in the mouth associated with Measles (Rubeola)

What type of isolation precautions are required for Measles?

Airborne precautions

What are potential complications of Measles?

Pneumonia, encephalitis, and hearing loss

What is the common name for Rubella?

German Measles

Why is Rubella vaccination especially important for the community?

It can cause severe birth defects (congenital rubella syndrome) if contracted during pregnancy

What isolation precautions are recommended for Rubella?

Droplet precautions

What virus causes Chickenpox?

Varicella-zoster virus

What type of rash is characteristic of Varicella?

Itchy vesicular rash in different stages of development

What isolation precautions are required for Varicella?

Airborne and contact precautions

When can precautions for a child with Varicella be discontinued?

Until all lesions have crusted over

Mumps primarily affects which part of the body?

The salivary glands (parotid glands)

What is a potential complication of Mumps in males?

Orchitis, which can affect fertility

What bacteria causes Whooping Cough?

Pertussis

Describe the characteristic cough sound of Pertussis.

A "whooping" sound during inhalation

What isolation precaution is necessary for Pertussis?

Droplet precautions

How does Roseola (Exanthem Subitum) typically present?

A high fever for several days, followed by a pink rash once the fever resolves

What is the primary nursing concern during the high fever stage of Roseola?

Monitoring for febrile seizures

What is the medical name for Fifth Disease?

Erythema Infectiosum

Which virus causes Fifth Disease?

Parvovirus B19

What is the characteristic facial rash sign of Fifth Disease?

"Slapped-cheek" appearance

What kind of rash appears on the body after the facial rash in Fifth Disease?

A lace-like rash on the trunk and extremities

What bacteria causes Scarlet Fever?

Group A Streptococcus

Describe the tongue and rash associated with Scarlet Fever.

Strawberry tongue and a sandpaper-like rash

What is a serious complication of untreated Scarlet Fever?

Rheumatic fever or kidney disease (glomerulonephritis)

How long should droplet precautions be maintained for Scarlet Fever?

Until antibiotics have been administered for at least $24\,hours$

In which pediatric stage is the transition from concrete thinking to abstract thinking completed?

Adolescence ($12-20\,Years$)

At what age should a child be able to build a block tower?

Toddler ($1-3\,Years$)

What is the primary goal of health promotion throughout all childhood stages?

Prevention