photosynthesis & angiosperms

metabolism

all chemical reactions in an organism

2 groups: catabolism & anabolism

catabolism (catabolic pathways)

chemical reactions that produce useable energy through breakdown of large molecules to smaller ones

ex: glycogen —> glycose during CR

anabolism (anabolic pathways)

chemical reactions that use energy to produce large molecules from smaller ones

ex: DNA synthase, photosynthesis

anabolic steroids

stimulate anabolism

matrix

where Kreb’s cycle happens

photosynthesis

CO2 + H2O + light energy —> “fixed carbon” + 6O2

light reactions

when you shine light on plant

H2O + ADP + NADP + light energy —> O2 + ADP + NADPH

NADPH

reduced form of NADP

NAD

accepts electrons

in respiration

used to break something down

NADP

in photosynthesis

has an extra phosphate

used to build something up

dark reactions

does NOT need light to happen

CO2 + ATP + NADPH —> “fixed carbon” + ADP + NADP

chloroplast

specialized organelle in plant cells & algae that performs photosynthesis

stroma

where dark reaction occurs

thylakoid membrane & space

where light reaction occurs

thylakoid membrane

has chlorophyll A & B

makes things green using this

chlorophyll A & B

absorb red & blue light

bound to chlorophyll AB binding protein

corotenoids

absorb yellow & orange light

found in carrot roots

step 1 of photosynthesis

photosystem 1 & 2 absorb light and lose electrons to ETC

step 2 of photosynthesis

electron from PS 2 is used to make a proton gradient, which is used to make ATP

electron from PS 2 is returned there

step 3 of photosynthesis

electrom from PS 1 is used to make NADPH

step 4 of photosynthesis

water is split into O2 and H+ which will make more ATP & electron is given back to PS 2

calvin cycle

requires ATP & NADPH from the light reactions

rubisco

ribulose-1.5-biphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase

most abundant protein on Earth

C-4 photosynthesis

adaptation to high temperatures

2 carbon fixations

one in mesophyll cells into 4 C acids (O2 is high)

one in bundle sheath cells for calvin cycle (O2 is low)

CAM photosynthesis

adaptation to scarce soil water

2 carbon fixations

one at night into 4 C acids (when stomata is open)

one in day for calvin cycle (when stomata is closed)

monocots

3 modified leaves

dicots

4-5 modified leaves

petals

will make fragrance to attract insects & other pollinators

brightly colored to attract pollinators

nectar

have food source (sucrose)

made to attract pollinators

flowers

make micros & megaspore

2n

stamen

male reproductive organ

consist of filament & anthers

2n

carpel/pistil

female reproductive organ

2n

sepals

modified leaves that form outer whorl of a flower

first part to form

protection & keep flower from drying out

top of the stem

microsporophyll

makes male spores

in leaf

has microsporangia inside

microsporangia

produce microspores (pollen grains)

gets pushed to tip of the leaf, toward anthers

megasporophyll

makes female spores

megasporangium

when leaf turns into carpel, found in ovioles

male gametophyte

3 nuclei

female gametophyte

8 nuclei

more complicated

will never leave flower, stays inside oviole

pistil

4 carpels fused into 1

2n

stigma

tip of pistil

where mature male gametophyte will land

stlye

connects stigma to ovary

pathway for sperm to enter ovary

ovary

has ovioles inside

sperm

fertilizes egg & central cell

double fertilization only occurs in flowering plants

endosperm

nutritive tissue that nourishes developing embryo within a seed

imbibition

first step of seed germination

dry seed rapidly absorbs water

fruits

mature ovary

only female plants can produce this

seed

mature oviole

what percent of flowering plants have inferior ovaries?

40%

what percent of flowering plants have ovaries above other organs?

60%

placenta

where seeds are attached

receptacle

thickened part of flower stalk where floral organs are attached

(sepals, petals, stamens, pistil)

base supporting the flower