Introduction to Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Biological Implications

Vocabulary flashcards covering monosaccharides, disaccharides, chemical formulas, dehydration reactions, and biological concepts from the lecture transcript.

Sucrose

A disaccharide composed of a monomer of glucose combined with a monomer of fructose, commonly known as table sugar or plant sugar, with the chemical formula $C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$.

Glycosidic bond

The specific type of bond that joins two monosaccharides together during a dehydration or condensation reaction.

Chemical formula of Sucrose

$C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$, calculated by joining glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) and fructose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) and subtracting one water molecule ($H_2O$) released during condensation.

High fructose corn syrup

An industrial sweetener product created by isolating and concentrating fructose from corn syrup, typically containing $40\text{--}55$ percent fructose.

Agave nectar

A highly refined and processed food item derived from agave plants that contains higher levels of fructose than high fructose corn syrup.

Lactose

A disaccharide known as milk sugar, generated in mammals from glucose plus galactose, serving as an energy source in mammal milk.

Lactose intolerance

A condition where the gene for the enzyme that splits lactose into glucose and galactose is inactive, allowing bacteria in the lower digestive tract to feed on lactose and produce gas and acid.

Maltose

A disaccharide known as malt sugar, found in grains and seeds where it acts as an energy source for embryos and is used by yeast to produce ethanol.

Malting

A process, commonly using barley, where carbohydrates in seeds are encouraged to convert into malt so yeast can break it down to synthesize ethanol.

Galactose alpha one three galactose

A disaccharide composed of two joined galactose molecules found on cell surfaces in all mammals except great apes and Old World monkeys.