AP BIOLOGY UNIT 3 STUDY GUIDE

What does oxidation and reduction mean?

OIL- oxidation is loosing electrons

RIG- reduction is gaining electrons

How do electrons move in biology?

with a hydrogen atom

Glucose becomes ____ to form CO2 in cellular respiration

oxidized

O2 becomes ____ to form water in cellular respiration

reduced

What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + ATP+ H2O

What electron carriers pick up electrons in glycolysis? What electron carriers pick up electrons in the Krebs cycle?

NADH (glycolysis), FADH and NADH (krebs)

What is one thing that differentiates glycolysis from the Krebs and Electron Transport Chain? what does it not require?

oxygen

What 3 steps of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria?

oxidation of pyruvate, krebs cycle, electron transport cain

What does a catabolic pathway do? what about an anabolic pathway?

catabolic= break down

anabolic= build molecules

Which step of cell respiration occurs int eh cytosol?

glycolysis

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

mitochondrial matrix

What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?

2 ATP

How many ATP's are invested in glycolysis?

2 ATP

How many total ATPs are generated in glycolysis? (not net gain)

4 ATP

In cellular respiration, glucose is split into what?

2 pyruvates

1 glucose molecule will produce how many turns of the Krebs Cycle? why?

2 turns in the cycle because there are 2 pyruvates

what molecule exits glycolysis and need to be oxidized in order to enter the next cycle?

pyruvate

When carbon is is lost in the ______ cycle, it is lost in this form of ________

krebs

-CO2

What occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

electron transport chain of cellular respiration

How is ATP synthase powered in this picture?

hydrogn ions accumulate in teh intermembrane space, which then diffuse through ATP synthase to the mitochondrial matrix to create ATP

-photos in group chat

What is being shown here?

lactic acid fermentation

-photos in group chat

Which type of fermentation does yeast carry out?

alcoholic fermentation

Which type of fermentation results in the production of CO2?

alcoholic fermentation

________ is the factory of producing energy and sugar in photosynthesis

chloroplast

Where is the chlorophyll (and other pigments) located in chloroplast?

thylakoid memebrane

What is produced in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis? 3 things

O2, ATP, NADPH

Light independent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as what?

Calvin Cycle

What does the Calvin Cycle produce?

NADP+, ADP, and SUGAR

What is the first protein in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

photosystem II

Where do hydrogen ions accumulate in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

thylakoid space

where do the electrons come from in the light reactions of photosynthesis? ________ energizes these electrons to travel down the ___________

Light

-H20 energizes these electrons to travel down the -Electron transport chain

What is the reduced form of photosynthesis electron carrier?

NADPH

What is the purpose of photosystem I?

to re-energize electrons traveling through the electron transport chain

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

stroma

What is the waste product of photosynthesis? Why is this good for us?

O2, because O2 is needed for cellular respiration as a reactant

What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?

CO2 + H2O + light energy -> glucose + O2

What enzyme is responsible for fixing carbon in photosynthesis?

RuBisCo

RuBisco combines from ________ with __________

-CO2

-RuBP

What 3 carbon sugar is created in the Calvin Cycle?

G3P

ATP made during glycolysis is made via what type of phosphorylation?

substrate level phophorylation

What is the factors of oxygen in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration?

final electron acceptor of electron transport

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

NADH and pyruvate

Carbon dioxide is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration? (2 steps)

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the Krebs

What enters the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl-CoA

What is the another name for Krebs Cycle? Why is it called this?

citric acid because citrate (citric acid) is the first intermediate formed in the cycle

What is the total energy yield for cellular respiration?Where is most of this energy formed?

36-38 total ATP

-most formed in the electron transport chain

What would happen if you were growing a plant and placed it under a green light? Explain

it wouldn't grow well because pigments in the plants do not absorb well for green wavelenghts

Where does O2 come from in photosynthesis? What molecule?

splitting of water

What lab did we use KOH and what was the purpose?

KOH was used in the CELLULAR RESPIRATION LAB to absorb CO2 in the respirometers

-this allowed us to measure O2 consumption of peas

What lab did we use DPIP and what was its function? What molecules did it act as?

Photosynthesis lab- to act as an electron carrier (NADP+)

DPIP(blue) would turn to DPIPH (colorless) in the presence of chloroplasts, indicating light dependent reaction is occurring. This color change was measurable with the spec-20 machine.

Fermentation

a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose or other organic molecules without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid

Aerobic respiration

a catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in the most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms

cellular respiration

the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP

Redox reaction

- a chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction oxidation reaction

oxidation

the complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

Reduction

the complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction

reducing agent

the electron donor in a redox reaction

oxidizing agent

the electron acceptor in a redox reaction

NAD+

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carried

Electron Transport Chain

a sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP

Glycolysis

a series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration

citric acid cycle

a chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration

oxidative phosphorylation

the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major sage of cellular respiration

Substrate-level phosphorylation

the enzyme-catalyzed information of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism

ATP synthase

a complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthase are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes

Chemiosmosis

an energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis

Cytochromes

an iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells

Proton-motive force

the potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis

Alcohol Fermentation

glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide

Lactic Acid Fermentation

glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of carbon dioxide

Obligate Anaerobes

an organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it

facultative anaerobes

an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present.

beta oxidation

a metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA

Photosynthesis

the conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes

autotrophs

an organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules form inorganic ones

heterotrophs

an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them

Mesophyll

leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis. In C3 and CAM plants, mesophyll cells are located between the upper and lower epidermis; in C4 plants, they are located between the bundle-sheath cells and the epidermis

Stomata

a microscopic pore surrounded by guard cell sin the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant

Stroma

the dense fluid liquid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water

Thylakoids

a flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy

Granum aka Grana

a stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Function in the light reactions of photosynthesis

Clorophyll

- a green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. Chlorophyll a participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy

Light Reactions

the first of two major stages in photosynthesis (before the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process

Calvin Cycle

the second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate

NADP+

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an elector acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions

Carbon Fixation

the initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote)

wavelength

the distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum

electromagnetic spectrum

the entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer

Visible Light

the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength form about 380nm to about 750nm

Photons

a quantum, or discrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle

Spectrophotometer

an instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution

Absorption Spectrum

the range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light; also a graph of such a range

Chlorophyll a

a photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy

Chlorophyll b

an accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a

Action spectrum

a graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process

Carotenoids

an accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis

Photosystem

a light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths

Reaction-Center Complex

a complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reaction of photosynthesis, excited by light energy, the pair of chlorophylls donates an electron to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron transport chain

Light-harvesting complex

a complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to a reaction-center pigments in a photosystem

Primary Electron Acceptor

in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, a specialized molecule that shares the reaction-center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accepts an electron from them