bio II lecture exam 1

epidermal tissues / epithelium

cells that are simple under the microscope; can be coverings, linings, secretions, excretions, absorptions, and needed for reproduction

1. epithelium

2. connective tissues

3. muscle tissue

4. nervous tissue

what are the main four types of tissues in animals?

simple tissue

a tissue with a single layer of cells attached to the basement membrane

stratified tissues

tissues with two or more layers of cells

The structure of the layer of cells furthest from the basement membrane becomes the name of the tissue (i.e. stratified columnar epithelium when stacked on cuboidal)

Describe the naming process of stratified tissues

pseudostratified tissues

tissues that consists of a single layer of cells varying in height and position of nuclei

1. cuboidal

2. columnar

3. squamous

What are the three structures of epithelium tissues?

connective tissues

largest of 4 main tissues with a huge extracellular matrix

1. Loose Connective Tissues

2. dense connective tissues

3. cartilage

4. bone tissue

5. adipose tissue

6. blood

What are the 6 types of connective tissues?

loose connective tissues

holds cells & groups of cells together

dense connective tissues

protects important things like arteries, veins, etc. it is really tough and more supportive

false - tendons between bone and muscle and ligament between bones

true or false: connective tissue cannot have fibers running the same way

fibroblast

cells that make the fibers for tissues

cartilage

has a gelatinous matrix; found in nose, ears, & between moving bone like the knee and hips

chondrotin

found in the matrix of cartilage

condrocytes

cells in the cartilage tissue

adipose tissue

loose connective tissue with specialized cells

metabolic support, physical support, and chemical support

What are the functions of adipose tissue?

blood tissue

60% is plasma / extracellular matrix; functions are mainly metabolic and chemical

fat droplets

What are the special cells in adipose tissue?

1. skeletal muscle

2. smooth muscle

3. cardiac muscle

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

skeletal muscle

cells in this muscle have many cells & are extremely long; the most abundant muscle

voluntary ; many ; striated

are skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary? few or many nuclei? striated or no?

striated tissue

tissue that is banded together

involuntary & non-striated

smooth muscle is _______ & __________

involuntary ; striated

cardiac muscle is ________ & __________

regulator

an animal that uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

conformer

an animal that allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes

set point

a particular value the homeostatic control system maintains a certain variable at or near

stimulus

fluctuation in a homeostatic variable

sensor

component of the homeostatic control system that detects a stimulus

response

a physiological activity triggered by the control center that helps return the variable to the set point

negative feedback

a control mechanism that dampens / stops its stimulus

positive feedback

a control mechanism that amplifies the stimulus

acclimatization

an animal’s physiological adjustment to changes in its external environment

endothermic/endotherm

mostly warmed by heat generated by metabolism (scientific name for warm-blooded)

ectothermic / ectotherm

gain most of their heat from external sources (scientific name for cold-blooded)

complete

the human digestive system is a _______ digestive system, meaning it has a two hole system (mouth & anas)

essential nutrients

substances that an animal requires but cannot assemble from simple organic molecules; a requirement of an animal’s diet

nutrition

how an animal takes in and makes use of food to meet the needs of an adequate diet

1. chemical energy for cellular processes

2. organic building blocks for macromolecules

3. essential nutrients

What are the three needs of an adequate diet?

essential amino acids

acids that must be taken in as a part of an animal’s diet since the body cannot synthesize them itself

vitamins

organic molecules that are required in the diet in very small amounts

minerals

inorganic nutrients that are usually required in small amounts (iron & sulfur)

ingestion

the act of eating or feeding ; the first stage of processing food

digestion

the second stage of food processing where food is broken down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb

absorption

the third stage of food processing in which the animal cells take up small molecule such as amino acids and sugars

elimination

the last stage of food processing in which undigested material passe out of the digestive system

gastrovascular cavity

a digestive compartment with a single opening usually found in animals with simple body plans (hydras, worms, etc.)

extracellular

a gastrovascular cavity is a form of ________ digestion

intracellular digestion

the hydrolysis of food inside vacuoles

alimentary canal / complete digestive tract

a digestive tube with two openings , the mouth & the anas; commonly found in animals with complex body plans

accessory glands

glands that are not part of the digestive tube, but are still part of the digestive system

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

What are the accessory glands in the digestive system?

oral cavity

once food enters here, food processing begins

salivary glands

releases saliva upon the anticipation or arrival of food

1. water

2. salt

3. salivary amylase

4. mucus

What does saliva consist of?

salivary amylase

an enzyme found in saliva that breaks down starch

mucus

a viscous, sticky mixture of water, salt, cells, and slipper glycoproteins that glues the bolus together

the breakdown of starch via salivary amylase

What is the first chemical reaction in the digestive system?

tongue

the component of the digestive system that shapes the bolus, and decides what is ready to move down the digestive tract (lets it pass)

bolus

the ball of chewed food pushed back into the oral cavity and into the pharynx upon swallowing

pharynx

the throat region prior to the esophagus and trachea

esophagus

muscular tube that connects to the stomach

trachea

a tube that leads to the lungs, also known as the windpipe

peristalsis

the process in which food is pushed down the esophagus via alternating waves of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation

sphincter

a ringlike valve of muscle that regulates passage of the ingested food into the stomach

the esophagus is lined with smooth muscle tissue that contracts in order to make the esophagus shorter, meaning the bolus travels a shorter distance. A sphincter muscle at the beginning of the tube will push the bolus down the tube. this same setup is consistent throughout the GI tract

Explain the components and roles of peristalsis

epiglottis

a tip of tissue that covers the glottis when swallowing to prevent food entering

glottis

the open to the respiratory system / trachea

true

true or false: the esophagus is connected to trachea with connective tissue

it is elastic, meaning it allows the esophagus to return to its original shape after swallowing. it is a tough tissue

Explain the role of dense connective tissue in the cross section of the esophagus

it will secrete fluid to lubricate the esophagus so the bolus can move freely

Explain the role of epithelium in the cross section of the esophagus

it is mostly 2 layers in the digestive system, 3 in the stomach, and in the esophagus it will help move the bolus

Explain the makeup / role of smooth muscle in the cross section of the esophagus

1. storage

2. food processing into a liquid suspension

What are the two main functions of the stomach in digestion?

muscular

the stomach is mostly _________

gastric juice

What does the stomach make?

churn

The stomach will ______ when digesting

1. water

2. salt

3. pepsin

4. hydrochloric acid

5. mucus

What does gastric juice consist of?

pepsin

a protein-digesting enzyme designed to work best in a very acidic environment

it breaks peptide bonds. causing proteins to break down into smaller polypeptides allowing more absorption of nutrients

How does pepsin work?

It denatures proteins so pepsin can digest them and break them down further into single polypeptides

What is the role of stomach acid in digestion?

chyme

the mixture of ingested food and gastric juice produced by the stomach

small intestines

the ailmentary canal’s longest compartment

duodenum

the first 25 cm or so of the small intestine; where chyme mixes with digestive juices from accessory glands and the intestinal wall

secretin

the arrival of chyme in the duodenum triggers release of what hormone?

pancreas; bicarbonate ; lipase

The secretion of secretin triggers the ________, which secretes ________ & _______

it breaks down triglycerides found in the small intestines into glycerol & fatty acids

What does lipase do in the digestive system?

trypsin & chymotrypsin

What enzymes are secreted into the duodenum by the pancreas that help pepsin to break down proteins?

bile

the liver contains ______

dark pigments & bile salts

what does bile contain?

emulsified

a broken down fat droplet is said to be _______

break down large fat droplets into tinier droplets to allow more fat digestion. the fat content is the same, the surface area has decreased

What do bile salts do?

gallbladder

accessory gland in which liver bile is stored

villi

finger-shaped projections that stud the large foldings in the intestine

brush border enzyme / microvilli

the last part of the small intestines that breaks down 2 or more sugars/peptides to simple sugars and amino acids to be absorbed, catches the last bits of proteins not broken down by enzymatic reactions

large intestine

the end of the alimentary canal including the colon, cecum, and rectum

colon

part of large intestines that leads to the rectum and anas and absorbs last bit of water needed from feces

cecum

large role in fermentation for animals that eat lots of plant material

appendix

a part of the cecum that is considered to be a finger-shaped extension that stores bacteria that digest cellulose in some animals like pigs, cows, etc