human development exam 4

Family Systems Theory

the family is a whole consisting of interrelated parts, each contributing to the whole

Dynamic family system

a self-organizing system that adapts itself to changes in its members and to changes in its environment

embedded family system

interacts with larger social systems neighborhoods or a community

Dyadic subsystem

interaction between a pair of individuals or two things.

Polyadic subsystems

interaction between more than two people or two things.

Co-parenting

both parents share the responsibilities of raising a child despite no longer being married or in a romantic relationship with each other; ways in which two parents coordinate their parenting and function well.

Extended Family Household

the parent and the child or children live with other kin (grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.)

Changing system in a changing world

more remarriages, more empty nest years, older women are more likely than older men to live alone rather than with a spouse (36% vs. 20%), more multigenerational families, 30% expected to do sometime during childhood, and fewer caregivers of aging adults.

what percentage of children live with their grandparents

8%

mothers - indirect effects

more patient, sensitive with their babies, Sarah’s partner listens and helps, reducing her stress. Sarah interacts with baby more patiently and sensitively because her partner was able to reduce her “motherly” responsibilities such as household chores.

fathers - indirect effects

more supportive and engaged when interacting with their children after Mark’s pleasant conversation with Rachel about their weekend plans boosts his engagement with baby Jack. He plays, listens, and offers encouragement.

Who said there are two dimensions of parenting

Baumrind

What are Baumrind’s two dimensions of parenting

parent acceptance-responsiveness and demandingness-control

demandingness-control

how much control over decisions lies with the parent as opposed to with the child.

parent acceptance-responsiveness

the extent to which parents are warm, supportive, and sensitive to their children’s needs.

4 types of parental acceptance-responsiveness

Authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, neglectful

Authoritative parenting

reasonable demands, consistently enforced, with sensitivity to and acceptance of the child; high parental acceptance-responsiveness and high parental demandingness-control.

Authoritarian parenting

many rules and demands; few explanations and little sensitivity to the child’s needs and perspectives; low parental acceptance-responsiveness and high parental demandingness-control.

Permissive parenting

few rules and demands; children are allowed much freedom by indulgent parents; high parental acceptance-responsiveness and low parental demandingness control.

Neglectful parenting

few rules and demands; parents are uninvolved and insensitive to their children’s needs; low parental acceptance-responsiveness and low parental demandingness- control.

Family Stress Model

describes the negative effects of financial stressors on parent’s mental health, parenting, and child development.

working-class parents tend to

stress obedience and respect for authority

financially stressed parents tend to

be less warm and nurturing, more authoritarian, and less confident

Child effects

a model of family influence; highlights the influences of children on their parents.

Parent effects

a model of a family; influences run one way, from parent (usually mother) to child.

Interactional model

recognizes that parent and child characteristics may combine in certain ways to influence development; gene-environment interaction

Transactional model

of family influence; parent and child are seen as influencing one another reciprocally over time.

Parent-adolescent conflict

conflict increases temporarily during puberty (over minor matters – homework, chores, disobedience) but adolescents spend more time with peers.

New Parenting

achieving autonomy; authoritative parenting styles: either gives adolescents opportunities to strengthen their independent decision-making skills while retaining the benefit of their parents’ guidance or helicopter parenting style; overparenting, involves developmentally inappropriate levels of control and assistance.

By age 40 to 44, ___ of women in the U.S. have given birth to a child

85%

By age 40 to 44, ___ of men have fathered a child.

80%

Middle-generation squeeze

middle-aged adults who find themselves simultaneously caring for both younger and older generations

Major styles of grandparenting

Remote, companionate, involved

Remote grandparenting

geographically and emotionally distant.

Companionate grandparenting

most common style; see grandchildren frequently and enjoy activities with them.

Involved grandparenting

often help with childcare, give advice, and play other practical roles in their grandchildren’s lives

Reasons for Cohabitation

singles; convenience, trial marriage, and alternative to marriage.

Gay and Lesbian Families

evolve through the same stages of development as heterosexual couples; children have similar outcomes and children are no more likely to develop homosexual or bisexual orientation.

Couples at highest risk for Divorce

young couples (20s and 30s), married for an average of only about 7 years, and have their children young. usually, these couples feel their marriages lack communication, emotional fulfillment, or compatibility