Immunology and Serology Final Exam Study Guide

List signs/symptoms of inflammation

Redness

Heat

Swelling

Pain

Loss of function

Contrast humoral and cellular immunity.

Humoral is mediated by antibodies and recognizes and attaches to extracellular antigens to induce opsonization for phagocytes activation and to inactivate the antigen. Cellular is mediated by T cells and recognizes intracellular antigens or antigens that are presented APC’s and can activate phagocytosis and stimulate antibody production or kill the infected cell

Attenuated

weakened

Chemotaxis

recruitment of leukocytes to site of infection

Diapedesis

movement of leukocytes from peripheral blood to site of infection by going in between endothelial cells of the blood vessel

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

Diagram steps associated with recruitment of leukocytes to the site of infection

In response to cytokines produced by leukocytes at the site of infection and to the antigens themselves, ednothelial cells begin to produce sleectins; selecting bind to leukocytes in the peripheral blood, causing them to slow down into a rolling pattern. Chemokines are produced by macrophages and endothelial cells and transported to lumen side of blood vessel to bind to receptors on rolling leukocytes. Chemokines also activate interns; interns bind the leukocytes with the endothelial cell; once the leukocyte is bound to the endothelial cell, it flattens out to travel in between the endothelial cells in order to leave the peripheral blood (diapedesis)

Outline the steps involved in phagocytosis.

Phagocyte recognizes the antigen; the plasma membrane of the phagocyte then extends out and around the antigen; once it has completely enveloped the antigen into a vacuole (phagosome); it pinches off and joins another vacuole that contains microbicidal substances (lysosomes). The fusion of two is known as a phagolysosome; microbicidal mechanisms then destroy the antigen

Compare and contrast the different ways to activate complement

Classical: antigens bound to antibodies

Alternative: direct recognition of microbe

Mannose-binding lectin: recognition of mannose

Illustrate common complement pathway, pointing out the purpose of each component.

C3-C3a (anaphlyatoxin) and C3b (opsonin and binds to c5) C5a (anaphlyatoxin and chemoattractant) and C5b (forms anchor for C6) C6-C9 (MAC- Membrane Attack Complex)

Chemokines

small cytokine that stimulates chemotaxis

Opsonization

coating of an antigen in order to activate phagocytosis

Phagolysosome

vacuole formed from fusion of phagosome (that contains phagocytosed antigen) and lysosome (that contains microbicidal substances)

B cells

produce antibodies; involved in humoral immunity early stages of formation occur in bone marrow

T cells

involved in cellular immunity; can directly destroy antigens (CD8+ cytotoxic) or activate other immune cells such as(CD4+ helper); mature in thymus

Natural Killer cells

Similar functions as CD8+ cells

Development of T cells

produced in bone marrow but matures in the thymus before populating lymphoid organs

Development of B cells

are released into peripheral blood from bone marrow