ENDOCRINE TEST

Iris

Controls the size of the pupil and the amount of light entering the eye.

Aqueous Humor

Fluid in the front part of the eye that helps maintain pressure and nourishes the eye.

Cornea

The clear, outer layer of the eye that focuses light.

Lens

Focuses light onto the retina.

Retina

Contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that detect light and send signals to the brain.

Vitreous Humor

Jelly-like substance that helps maintain the eye's shape.

Optic Nerve

Carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

Sclera

The white, protective outer layer of the eye.

Nervous System

Communicates through rapid electrical impulses transmitted along neurons.

Endocrine System

Uses chemical signals called hormones that travel through the bloodstream to reach target cells.

Hypothalamus

Controls the pituitary gland and regulates body functions like temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep.

Pineal gland

Produces melatonin, regulating sleep patterns and circadian rhythms.

Pituitary gland

Known as the 'master gland' because it produces hormones that regulate other glands.

Parathyroid gland

Regulates calcium levels in the blood by producing a (HIDDEN) hormone.

Thyroid gland

Produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) that control metabolism, energy production, and growth.

Thymus

Plays a role in immune function by producing T-cells.

Adrenal glands

Produce hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, helping manage stress, regulate metabolism, and maintain blood pressure.

Pancreas

Regulates blood sugar levels with insulin (lowers blood sugar) and glucagon (raises blood sugar).

Ovaries

Produce eggs and secrete hormones like estrogen and progesterone that regulate the menstrual cycle and support pregnancy.

Testes

Produce sperm and secrete testosterone, controlling male reproductive functions and secondary sexual characteristics.

Type 1 diabetes

Caused by the body's immune system attacking and destroying the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a lack of insulin production.

Type 2 diabetes

Occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin, meaning the cells don't respond properly to insulin, often due to lifestyle factors like obesity and lack of exercise.

Graves's Disease

Symptoms: Weight loss, fast heartbeat, tremors, bulging eyes, anxiety.

Cause: Immune system attacks the thyroid, making it overactive.

Conn's disease

Symptoms: High blood pressure, muscle weakness, tiredness. Cause: Too much aldosterone from a tumor in the adrenal glands.

Dwarfism

Symptoms: Short height, delayed growth, body parts may be disproportional. Cause: Genetic issues or lack of growth hormone.

HYPERhyroidism

Symptoms: Weight loss, fast heartbeat, sweating, irritability. Cause: Too much thyroid hormone, often from Graves's disease or thyroid nodules.

HYPOthyroidism

Symptoms: Fatigue, weight gain, feeling cold, dry skin.

Cause: Too little thyroid hormone, often from autoimmune issues or iodine deficiency.

Pituitary Tumor

Symptoms: Headaches, vision problems, tiredness, weight gain, irregular periods.

Cause: Non-cancerous growth in the pituitary gland that messes with hormone levels.

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

Function: Triggers ovulation in females (release of an egg) and stimulates testosterone production in males.

Controlled by: Pituitary gland.

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

Function: Stimulates egg development in females and sperm production in males.

Controlled by: Pituitary gland.

Estrogen

Function: Controls female reproductive system, helps regulate the menstrual cycle, and promotes the development of female secondary sexual characteristics (like breasts).

Controlled by: Ovaries.

Progesterone

Function: Prepares the uterus for pregnancy and supports early stages of pregnancy.

Controlled by: Ovaries (mainly after ovulation) and Placenta (during pregnancy).

Testosterone

Controls male reproductive functions, promotes sperm production, and develops male secondary sexual characteristics

Controlled by Testes.