SOC 204 Midterm Modules 5-6

sex

refers to the utilization of biological and physiological characteristics to determine the difference between sexes

gender

refers to the social and cultural meanings attached to ideas surrounding masculinity and femininity

intersex

describes individuals who are born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t fit the boxes of female or male

gender roles

are society’s expectations of how individuals should behave based on their gender

gender identity

is a person’s internal (deeply held) sense of their gender. Unlike gender expression, ___________ is not visible to others because it is internal.

gender expression

is the external manifestation of gender, expressed through a person's name, pronouns, clothing, hairstyle/cuts behavior, voice and/or body characteristics.

gender bias

is the conscious, or unconscious, differential treatment based on gender.

gender bias

___________________ in the classroom is largely unconscious and stems from assumptions about gender.

parents, similarities

Sociologists have found that _________ have difficulty seeing __________ between boys and girls

gender

This leads to children being socialized different based on ______

borderwork

Socialization at schools: the utilization of _____________

borderwork

the process of interaction based on and even strengthening social boundaries (it is used to understand gender, race, sexuality, class, etc)

sexual

difference in _______ expectations in adolescence

societal patterns

_______________ illustrate this peer-level gender socialization may continue throughout the life course

adultification bias

is the conscious, or unconscious, belief that Black children are more adult-like and less innocent than their white peers.

black

Adultificiation bias has been associated with harsher treatment, projection of negative stereotypes of ______ men/women onto _____ boys/girls, as well as authority figures treating ______ girls in developmentally inappropriate ways.

gender inequality

____________ is built into the larger society we inhabit

gender

From the macro level global economy, to the institutional level of society, to even our interpersonal relationships, ______ is utilized to divide labor, assign roles, and allocate resources.

patriarchy

________  is the term used for forms of social organization that tend to provide more resources (whether economic, power, or otherwise) to men than women

sexism

prejudice and/or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender

gender inequality

Structured ______ _______ works with other structures of ____________- to produce differences among women and differences among men.

occupational gender segregation

________________ is a major contributing factor to the wage gap seen between men and women in the workforce

less

Generally, women earn ____ than their male counterparts in the labor market.

unconscious

Some additional; obstacles women may face in employment: ________ gender bias

married women

Some additional; obstacles women may face in employment: ____________ are often seen as liabilities

gender and gender norms

Both men and women, are shaped by ___________________

races/classes

Matrix of domination produces different gender experiences for women and men of different _________

family life

The social inequalities created by gender are so intertwined with _________, “it is impossible to pay attention to one, without paying attention to the other”

gender roles and gendered institution approach

What are the two approaches we examine to gender and family within society?

modern nuclear family

The traditional gender roles approach assumed, until very recently, that the ______________ was the basis of social order in modern society

Traditional Approach

What view suggested that industrialization led to a separation of women and men into distinctive roles?

structural functionalism

The Traditional Approach to Gender and Family model was developed from Talcott Parsons and called “_______________”

families

Shortcomings of the Gender roles/Traditional approach: Ignored widespread differences by class and race among ________

traditional

This ___________ approach ignores power, resources, and opportunities inequalities.

separate and distinct

The gender roles approach assumes that families are _________________ from other social arrangements.

Social institutions

____________ also influence family dynamics

Husband-wife

_____________ relationships are developed in a social context larger than themselves

gender

Today, sociologists are focusing on how _________ is embedded in the institutions of society

the family as a gendered institution

gender is the basis for structuring the relationships between men and women and giving them different positions of advantage and disadvantage in the various sectors of social life

gendered

When examining areas of family life, such as family tasks, work and leisure, caregiving, conflicts, etc. all (generally) are ________

labor market/technology

One of the Major Social Forces: Expansion of the _______ after WWII and advancement in ________ in the 1960s

birth control

One of the Major Social Forces: Advent of ___________ in the 1960s allowed women to choose pregnancy, which then enabled them to be more active in the job market.

second wave feminism

One of the Major Social Forces: ________________ (women’s liberation movement) pushed for workplace equality. Asked for control over body, control over property, and greater power/equality in relationships.

labor force

What were the results of these Major Social Forces? An increase in women’s presence in the __________ over time across racial groups AND Men and women are nearly equally represented within the ___________ today.

labor

Historic shifts in social forces continue to increase women’s ______ participation and change many gender “norms”

kin-keepers

Women tend to be the ___________ (maintain ties with relatives and assisting them in time of need).

household

Both men and women participate in the unpaid labor of the _________ but (on average) women still tend to do more (regardless of race, age, ethnicity, or marital status)

leisure time

Allocating these roles (predominantly) to women provides more __________ and opportunity for men to explore and pursue other interests that may benefit them via resources.

second shift

disproportionate time in housework, childcare, and home management for employed wives.

breadwinning/domestic work

Men continue to be accountable for _________ and women for __________, regardless of their additional responsibilities or dual-incomes

gender

_________ is the principal indicator of involvement in housework

sexuality

The general pattern of prevalence across the three dimensions of _________ stays relatively consistent

same-sex

The highest estimates are associated with ________ attraction/desire (up to 11%)

gay/lesbian/bisexual

The lowest estimates are associated with identifying as ______________________ (up to 5.6%)

middle

Estimates for same-sex sexual behavior hover somewhere in the ________ (up to 8.8%)

asexuality

But even within a single dimension, estimates vary across surveys (and most surveys still do not capture __________, etc.)

structural perspective

In this course what perspective are we taking?

stratification

Race, class, and gender (RCG) are forms of

distribution

RCG influences the _________ of social resources and opportunities

relational systems of power

RCGS are

do not

RCG ___ _____ stand alone

inequality

RCG are systems of __________

life

RCG are power structures that produce different _______ chances

matrix of domination

RCG are intersecting systems of inequality that form a ______________________

interlocking

race and racism are _________________ concepts

social systems

race and racism are persistent _____________ within our society

shape

race and racism ______ our society in a multitude of ways

social construct

race is a ____________

phenotypic

race is based on _____________ characteristics

fossil and DNA evidence

What supports the fact that race is based on phenotypic characteristics?

ethnicity

shares a common culture, religion, national origin, and/or language

ethnicity

What is not based exclusively on physical characteristics

racial stereotypes or biases

a set of ideas that society has influenced us to believe about different racial groups

stereotype

What is an oversimplified generalization?

racial prejudice

Negative attitudes or feelings towards an entire racial group

racial discrimination

The denial of opportunities, rights, or unfair treatment based on someone's race

individual discrimination

refers to discrimination between individuals at the micro level of society, such as being denied a job based on having a Black name

institutional discrimination

refers to discrimination that occurs at the macro level of society as when organizations, businesses, or institutions engage in acts or create policies that negatively affect racially marginalized groups such as segregating neighborhoods/housing(redlining)

manifestation

racial discrimination as the practical __________________ of racial prejudice

attitude

prejudice is an __________

action

discrimination is an _____________

those around us

biases and prejudices are learned from __________

internalized bias

when a person believes that the stereotypes and the misinformation that they hear are true about themselves

stereotypes

unreliable generalizations about members of a group that do not recognize individual differences

prejudice

negative attitude toward an entire category of people

discrimination

denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals, and groups, based on some types of arbitrary bias

racism

is a structure of social relations at social, political, economic, and ideological levels that impact (either privilege or disadvantages) the life chances of the various racial groups

interpersonal, personal, structural/institutional, systemic

What are the four categories of racism (in alphabetical order)?

systemic racism

discrimination or unequal treatment on the basis of membership in a particular ethnic group (typically one that is a minority or marginalized), arising from systems, structures, or expectations that have become established within society or an institution

cultural approach

This tradition of thought blames racially marginalized groups for their problems

idealized

Racially marginalized families are defined as different from _____________ or normal model of family

cultural approach

compares racially marginalized families to idealized white families (think the mythical monolithic family)

inaccurate and harmful

The cultural approach has been used by many (in and outside of academics) when examining racially marginalized families and proves an _________ ____________ view.

flawed

The cultural approach is deeply __________

groups culture

Cultural approach reduces family to a

inequalities

Cultural approach blames racially marginalized families for ________

monolithic entities

Cultural approach treats racially marginalized communities as __________________

stratification

Race, class, and gender are forms of ____________ that foster group-based inequalities

social resources and opportunities

Race, class, and gender influence family life through their distribution of ___________________

together

Race, class, and gender do not stand alone. They work ____________ to place families and individuals in different social locations, which produces diverse family patterns.