Micro Test 4- chatpers 7, 13, 14, 15, 16 UPDATED

Early viral researchers called viruses filterable because they noticed that infectious fluid remained infectious, even after passing through filters that were designed to catch...

bacteria

One of the principals viral capsid shapes is a 20- sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners referred to as an _______ capside

icosaherdral

viruses with _____ sene RNA contain the correct message for translation, while viruses with ______ sense RNA must first be converted into a correct message.

positive; negative

a common method for cultivating viruses in the lab is to use in vitro systems called _____ cultures

cell

the stage when viral components are put together to for mature virions

assembly

Host range is limited by

type of host cell receptors on cell membrane

lysogeny refers to

the viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome

Host cells of viruses include

bacteria, plants and fungi, humans and other animals, protozoa and algea

Which of the following is NOT associated with every virus

envelope

Some viruses may contain enzymes like reverse transcriptase inside the virion.

true

The primary purposes of viral cultivation is to...

prepare viruses for vaccines, isolate and identify viruses in clinical specimens, do detailed research on viral structure, lifestylem genetics, and effects on host cells.

The process of dissolving the envelope and capsid to release the viral nucleic acid is...

uncoating

Viral tissue specificities are called...

tropisms

T-even phages...

infect escherichia coli cells

Viruses are unable to multiply outside of a host cell.

true

viral RNA or DNA is always single stranded.

false

The core of every virus particle always contains

either DNA or RNA

Two noncellular agents, smaller than viruses, are infectious proteins called _____ and infectious RNA strands called _____

prions; viroids

Viral spikes are inserted into the host cell membrane before building or exocytosis.

true

Which of the following are types of cytopathic effects?

Multinucleated giant cells, inclusions in the cytoplasm or nucleus, rounding cells.

Prophages can be activated into viral replication and enter the lytic cycle.

true

the gut microbiome has only been shown to have an impact on the intestinal cells.

false

pathogens that infect the kidney would be discharged through urine.

true

once a microbe has entered a host, what process performed by certain white blood cells will attempt to destroy the microbes?

phagocytosis

which of the following is not a structure used for bacterial adhesion?

cillia

the subjective evidence of diease senseed by the patient is termed a _____

symptom

this is when bacteria are limited to a small area of the body.

localized infection

reservoirs include _____

humans, soil, water, and animals

an infection acquired during hospitalization is referred to as

healthcare- acquired infection

everyone who ate the crab cakes at a dinner got sick. this is an example of ________ epidemic.

point- source

a disease that has a steady frequency over time in a particular geographic location is referred to as ______

endemic

the effect of beneficial microbes of normal biota against invading microbes is called _____

microbial antagonism

the infections dose of giardia is about 10 cells. this means that if less than 10 cells are ingested when taking a drink of cold mountain water, its likey that no infection will result.

true

lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of gram negative cell walls is called _____

endotoxin

_____ are toxins that cause the immune system to overreact, leading to damage of the host tissues.

superantigens

these infections come on rapidly and have short lived effects

acute infections

the time when the patient is responding to the infection and the symptooms decline.

convalescent stage

an animal, such as an arthropod, that transmits a pathogen from one host to another is a ____

vector

an infection spread between animals and humans is _____

zoonosis

the ablility of these agents to spread rapidly and cause global concern is due to all of the following execpt ______

communites are becoming more sparsely populated.

what government agency collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the US

CDC

the holobiont is the human body plus the nutrients it currently caries

false

under certain circumstances, a person's resident biota can act as opportunistic pathogens.

true

various bacterial enzymes that dissolve fibrin clots are _____

kinases

keratinase has the greatest effect on the ______

skin

which of the following is an example of sequelae?

arthritis from Lyme disease

this is when an infection spreads to several sites and tissue fulids, usually in the bloodstream.

systemic infection

the dried resides of fine droplets from muscus or saliva that harbor and transmit pathogen are ____

droplet nuclei

animals that participate in the life cylces of pathogens and transmit pathogens from host to host are _____

biological vectors

the study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population is _______

epidemiology

the total number deaths in a population due to a disease is the _____ rate.

mortality

A properly functioning immune system is responsible for

all choices

The normal human microbiota is considered part of the first line of defense because...

Microbial antagonism keeps potential pathogens in check

hair follicle cells are desquamated, which means that old cells fall away and are replaced to help remove microbes.

true

diapedesis is the-

migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues.

each of the following are benefits of fever except_

it increases the availability of iron

local swelling and firmness due to leakage of vascular fluid into tissues is called_

edema

the term ____is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.

antigen

lysozyme is found in_

all choices

the chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is__

lysozyme

which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells that need to produce antiviral proteins?

interferon

the circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are_

pyrogens

certain complement components stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis.

true

B cells producing antibodies against sarvs-cov-2 would be an example of acquired immunity.

true

keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it ____

creates a physical barrier against pathogens

which of the following is not true?

mucous membranes are keratinized to create an impervious barrier to microbes.

during the late reactions of inflammation, macrophages clear pus and cellular debris, lymphocytes react with and produce antibodies and kill intruders, and tissues is repair or replaced by a scar.

true

all of the following pertain to interferon except___

it increases capillary permeability and vasodilation

one of the major differences between the first and second line of defense is that _____

the first line defenses are anatomical barriers whereas the second line defenses are non- specific mechanisms like inflammation

acquired specific immunity involves the response of___

B and T lymphocytes

the third line of defense against foreign invaders can be described as having ____ and _____

specificity; memory

a foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is an

antigen

which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?

agglutination

the region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is highly diversifcied from one clone of B lymphocytes to naother is the ___ region

varible

immunotherapy is the

all choices

an example of natural passive immunity would be ___

a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta

DNA/RNA vaccines involve injecting DNA or RNA that encodes antigenic proteins of a pathogen. This genetic material is picked up by the host cells, which start producing the antigens, which in turn generate an immune response.

true

this type of cell remain in circulation for long periods of time, and allow for a rapid response if a pathogen attempts to infect the body again.

memory B and T cells

an immunizing event such as an infection is required for the body to develop acquired immunity.

true

the major histocampatibility complex is ___

a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins

the monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has all of the following except___

four antigen binding sites

the immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in muscus, saliva, colostrum, and other body secretions is ____

IgA

an example of artificial passive immunity would be ____

giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease.

live, attenuated vaccines ___

all choices

vaccinia virus or adenoviruses can be used to make ____

a "trojan horse" recombinant vaccine

this type of cell is derived from B cells and produces antibodies

plasma

which of the statements below represents the correct order of events in the adaptive immune response.

lymphocyte development, antigen presentation, lymphocyte challenge and response

Class 1 MHC genes code for

self receptors recongized by T lymphocytes

a patient enters your clinic with a suspected helminthic infection. In support of this diagnosis, you suspect elevated levels of which antibody in the patient's serum?

IgE

The most abundant class of antibodies in serum is ___

IgG

Edward Jenner's work involved ___

immunization using a related, less pathogenic organism to give protection against a more pathogenic one

which of the following is a special bindinf substance that enhances immunogencity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site?

adjuvant

an example of natural active immunity would be___

chickenpox infection, followed by lifelong immunity

host cells of viruses include

all choices

which of the following is not associated with every virus?

envelope

infectious naked strands of zrna that affect plants are called?

viroids

newborn babies are not exposed to any microbes during birth, as the immune system destroys all normal microbiota in the vaginal tract during the process

false

what would be the portal of exit for a disease like malaria that is spread by mosquitoes?

blood

which of the following is not a structure used for bacterial adhesion?

cilia

the subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient is termed?

symptom