Micro midterm 2 practice questions

Which virus is confined to India, Southeast Asia, and Micronesia?

Nipah virus

What is the reason for Africa's high rate of TB infection?

Co-infection with HIV/AIDS

How many types of parainfluenza infect humans?

2

What is the second point of entry into the body?

Gastrointestinal tract

Control groups are always used in which type of study?

Analytical

Which human system is involved with the majority of hospital-acquired infections?

Urinary

What is psittacosis (ornithosis) commonly known as?

Parrot fever

What is the most common vector for diseases?

Insects

What type of transmission occurs when a pathogen rides?

Vehicle

Microbes that infect the genitourinary tract are sometimes referred to as?

Sexually transmitted diseases

Mastoiditis is a potential complication of which condition?

Otitis media

What is a host's ability to mount an immune defense called?

Immunocompetence

Which nation has the highest TB rates with immigration into the US?

Mexico

What is the old-fashioned name for the disease known as lockjaw?

Tetanus

Which virus entered the US in 1999 and is now found in all contiguous 48 states?

West Nile

Which condition may present with subconjunctival bleeding?

Pertussis

What is the morbidity rate?

The number of individuals affected by a disease during a set period divided by the total population

Koch's postulates provide a template for what?

Disease transmission and communicability

Which condition does not present with a cough?

Respiratory syncytial virus

What are reservoirs for pathogens?

Animals, humans, and nonliving surfaces

What is the deadliest of the viral hemorrhagic fevers?

Ebola

Which continent has the highest number of TB infected persons?

Africa

What do Clostridia spp produce?

Some of the deadliest neurotoxins

What is the associated mortality rate of untreated aspergillosis?

100%

What feature of the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is destroyed in pertussis?

Cilia

Enterotoxins work by damaging the lining of what?

Intestines

What test is used to determine prion infections?

ELISA

What form of prion disease is spread to and from humans via cannibalism?

Kuru

Which type of epidemic is over more quickly?

Common source

What type of epidemiological study is concerned with the physical aspects of patients and the spread of disease?

Descriptive

What is a carrier?

Someone who is infectious but never shows signs or symptoms of illness

How is the Sin Nombre virus spread?

Inhalation of dried rodent urine and feces

When symptoms develop slowly and the disease lasts a long time, what is it called?

Chronic

What is a severe complication of untreated otitis media?

Mastoiditis

What is a disease that has never been seen before classified as?

Emerging

Where does the lower respiratory tract begin from a microbiological perspective?

Trachea

What is coccidiomycosis also known as?

Valley fever

Where in the cell does parainfluenza replicate?

Cytoplasm

What is a virus transmitted to a human host by an insect bite called?

Arbovirus

How can prions be destroyed?

None of the above (cooking, disinfectants, autoclaving)

What was the only indicator signifying infection with HIV early in the AIDS epidemic?

Pneumocystis

In an illness, when do the first signs and symptoms of a disease appear?

Prodromal

What are reasons for the increase in tuberculosis?

Co-infection with HIV/AIDS, increased immigration of infected persons, increased number of institutionalized elderly (all of the above)

In an illness, what is the earliest period free of signs and symptoms?

Incubation

Which nations have more cases of avian influenza in birds?

Poor

What are diseases transmitted from animals to humans called?

Zoonotic

What is bacterial sinusitis commonly misdiagnosed as?

Allergic rhinitis

When an incidence of a disease is higher than expected, what is it called?

Epidemic

What is the expected mortality rate of uncomplicated influenza?

0.1-2.5%

Which of the following is not a test for tuberculosis?

Ghon

What is the most dangerous effect of endotoxin poisoning?

Disseminated intravascular clotting

What is Lipid A?

An endotoxin

What are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies also known as?

Prions

What stereotype of influenza is associated with influenza pandemics?

A

What is the total number of people infected within a population at any given time called?

Prevalence

What are coiled macrophages indicative of?

Infection with Legionella pneumophila

What does biological vector transmission involve?

Insects, bites

What type of contact transmission occurs when an uninfected person is exposed to a pathogen via touching an infected reservoir?

Direct

How many categories of bacterial toxins are there?

2

What is a place where a pathogen grows and accumulates called?

Reservoir

What controls direct damage to the host?

The immune response

Which virus is known in the US as Sin Nombre?

Hanta

What is a disease that occurs in epidemic proportions throughout the world called?

Pandemic

What is walking pneumonia caused by?

Mycoplasma pneumonia

Hypercapnia is associated with ________, and is an _________ level of ___________

RSV, elevated CO2

What does the parenteral route refer to?

Breaks in the skin that allow the passage of microbes

What is the reservoir for influenza?

Aquatic birds

What is the number one point of entry into the body?

Respiratory tract

What are hemolysins?

Exotoxins that destroy WBCs and RBCs

What substance is found ONLY in the walls of all gram-positive bacteria?

M proteins

What majority of emerging diseases are caused by?

Viruses

What is the most common normal flora to cause infection in both the upper and lower respiratory tract?

Staphylococcus

What is the most important part of the respiratory tract's defense system?

Mucociliary escalator

Which of the following are components of triple antibiotic therapy for TB

Pyrazinamide Isoniazid

What type of study is predominantly concerned with cause and effect?

Analytical

What type of contact transmission occurs when an uninfected individual inhales infected particulate matter expelled from an infected person?

Droplet

Endotoxins are released from dead ________ bacteria in the form of _________

Gram -, Lipid A

What genus of bacteria have mycolic acid in their cell walls?

Mycobacterium

What is the etiologic agent of Q fever?

Coxiella

In an illness, the highest chance of secondary infection occurs in the ________ period

Period of decline

What are contributing factors to emerging disease trends?

Global travel, war, lack of vaccination (all of the above)

What disease may present with a pseudomembrane composed of bacteria, fibrin, and cell debris?

Diphtheria

What does Lipid A elicit?

A strong immune response

Which of the following grows in the placenta of infected mammals?

Coxiella

What is a common complication of untreated sinus blockage?

Sinusitis

What is croup also known as?

Parainfluenza

What disease is commonly known as strep throat?

Pharyngitis

What is the correct order of pertussis?

Prodromal, catarrhal, paroxysmal, convalescence

What is an infection acquired after being treated in a hospital or clinical setting called?

Nosocomial

What is patient zero most commonly associated with?

Propagated epidemic disease

What is an accumulation of bacteria residing on a surface called?

Biofilm

What is the number of new cases of a disease contracted within a set population during a specific timeframe called?

Incidence

period of illness

Major signs and symptoms (immune response is strongest)

period of decline

signs and symptoms of the disease wane/subside; patient is vulnerable to secondary infections

What is the recovery period of infection called

Period of convalescence

What are the possible causes for a TB increase?

- HI/AIDS epidemic (Africa)

- increased poverty, IV drug use, and homelessness (US)

- increased immigration of infected individuals (US)

- Increased elderly population (US)

- Failure of patients to complete antibiotic therapy (globally)

direct contact transmission

There is no intermediary between the infected person/animal and the uninfected person

What does the mucociliary escalator do?

Traps debris and bacteria, which are then moved to the esophagus and out of the respiratory system

Incidence

The number of new cases contracted within a set population in a specific period

Prevelance

Total number of people infected within a population at any given time