JEAN PIAGET COGNITIVE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT, SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY, LAWRENCE KOHLBERG MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Jean Piaget

explored how intelligence and cognitive functioning develop in children.

•He believed that human intelligence progresses through a series of stages based on age, with the child at each successive stage demonstrating a higher level of functioning than at previous stages.

Sigmund Freud

developed psychoanalytic theory in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Vienna, where he spent most of his life.

•believed that repressed (driven from conscious awareness) sexual impulses and desires motivate much human behavior.

 id

the part of one's nature that reflects basic or innate desires such as pleasure seeking behavior, aggression, and sexual impulses.

superego

is the part of a person's nature that reflects moral and ethical concepts, values, and parental and social expectations, therefore it is in direct opposition to the id.

ego

, is the balancing or mediating force between the id and the superego.

Lawrence Kohlberg

extended upon the foundation that Piaget built regarding cognitive development.

• believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages..

• reviewed people's responses and placed them in different stages of moral reasoning.

• an individual progresses from the capacity for pre-conventional morality (before age 9) to the capacity for conventional morality (early adolescence), and toward attaining post-conventional morality (once formal operational thought is attained), which only a few fully achieve.

Pre-Morality

LEVEL 1

• Stage 1. Punishment and obedience orientation: Doing what is right because of fear of punishment. ~

• Stage 2: Hedonistic orientation: Doing what is right for personal gain, perhaps a reward.

Conventional Morality

LEVEL 2

• Stage 3. Interpersonal concordance orientation: Doing what is right according to the majority to be a good boy/ girl.

• Stage 4. Law and order orientation: Doing what is right because it is your duty and helps society.

Post-Conventional Morality

LEVEL 3

• Stage 5. Social contract or legalistic orientation: Doing what is right even if it is against the law because the law is too restrictive.

• Stage 6. Universal ethical principles orientation: Doing what is right because of our inner conscious which has absorbed the principles of justice and equality and sacredness of life.