Anatomy and Physiology: Unit 1

Anatomy

Study of the STRUCTURE of body parts (locations, connections, etc.)

Physiology

Study of the FUNCTION of body parts.

examples of Anatomy

the skull and vertebral column are part of the axial skeleton; the cerebral cortex consists of four lobes; the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine are chambers of the digestive tract

examples of Physiology

skeletal muscles pull on bones, creating forces that produce body motion; receptors of the eye and ear detect environmental changes for the respective senses of vision and hearing; antidiuretic hormone, secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates water reabsorption in the kidney

What is the relationship between Anatomy and Physiology? (UNDERLYING principle)

STRUCTURE determines FUNCTION; the way a body part is put together (how tissues are arranged, what connects to what, how it connects, etc.) allows that part to do a certain job (to be able to act in a specific manner)

anatomical position

body standing erect, face forward, arms at sides, palms up, toes forward

superior

a certain body part is located above another or near/directed toward the head

inferior

a certain body part is located below another part, or near/directed toward the head

anterior

a certain body part is located toward the front of the body

posterior

a certain part of the body is located toward the back

dorsal

body part is in the back of the body (interchangeable with posterior)

ventral

certain body part is in front of the body (interchangeable with anterior)

medial

specific body part is closer than another part to an imaginary midline of the body

lateral

body part is farther away from the body's "midline"; located toward the sides

proximal

body part is closer to a particular point of origin/attachment or whole trunk of the body than another

distal

certain body part is farther from some point of origin/attachment, or from the whole trunk of the body than another

superficial

specific body part is near the surface

deep

certain body part is located away from the surface

central

body part is at the center of the body or an organ

peripheral

body part is positioned away from the center of the body or an organ

What are the 3 planes of the body?

frontal, transverse, sagittal (midsagittal/median)

frontal

divides body into anterior/posterior

transverse

perpendicular to frontal; divides body horizontally

sagittal (midsagittal/median)

extends lengthwise and divides body into left and right halves

Name the 4 body cavities and their position on the body (dorsal or ventral).

cranial (dorsal), spinal or vertebral canal (dorsal), thoracic (ventral), abdominopelvic (ventral)

Name the organs found within the CRANIAL cavity.

brain, meninges (membrane)

Name the organs found within the SPINAL cavity (vertebral canal).

spinal cord, meninges (membrane)

Name the organs found within the THORACIC cavity.

pleural cavity (lungs, serious fluid, parietal pleura, visceral pleura) and pericardial cavity (heart, serious fluid, fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium or epicardium)

Name the organs found within the ABDOMINOPELVIC cavity.

abdominal cavity (digestive organs, liver, kidneys, gallbladder, parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum) and pelvic cavity (reproductive organs, urinary bladder, rectum, parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum)

homeostasis

"same state"; all organ systems work to keep steady internal conditions regardless of external conditions; NERVOUS SYSTEM has ultimate control

What is involved in maintaining homeostasis?

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (how a thermostat works in your home): sensor detects change in internal conditions, sends info to regulatory center, reg. center decides what adjustments to make and sends info to effector, effector makes changes, sensor then detects new internal conditions and shuts off response

examples of homeostasis in the body

blood pressure, pH, glucose concentration (blood sugar), temperature

examples of "levels of organization" within the body (list from smallest to largest)

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

organelle

tiny structures that perform cellular functions; composed of macromolecules (ex: mitochondrion, nucleus, ER, GA)

cell

the basic units of living things (ex: muscle, skin, nerve)

tissue

composed of SIMILAR types of cells and performs a specific function (ex: muscle, nervous tissue)

organ

composed of SEVERAL TYPES of tissues and performs a particular function within an organ system (ex: heart, lungs, liver, stomach)

organ system

composed of organs with specific functions that contribute to the overall function of the system (ex: digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular)

Name the 11 organ systems in the human body.

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic or immune, urinary, reproductive

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

covers whole body, giving external protection and support; protects body organs; helps regulate body temperature; protects against sun (PROTECTION, SUPPORT, and MOVEMENT)

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

gives internal protection and support; protects body organs; serves as place of muscle attachment; supports body; allows movement with muscles, bones and cartilage (PROTECTION, SUPPORT, and MOVEMENT)

What are the functions of the muscular system?

gives internal protection and support; works with skeletal system to allow movement; maintains posture; produces heat (PROTECTION, SUPPORT, and MOVEMENT)

What are the functions of the nervous system?

coordinates all body systems; communicates info from environment and processes a response (INTEGRATION and COORDINATION)

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

also helps coordinate and communicate but actions are slower and longer-lasting; makes and secretes hormones to regulate body (INTEGRATION and COORDINATION)

What are the functions of the cardiovascular (circulatory) system?

transports nutrients and oxygen to all body cells; takes away CO2 and wastes (MAINTENANCE of the body)

What are the functions of the lymphatic or immune system?

works with cardiovascular system to protect body from disease (MAINTENANCE of the body)

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

brings in O2, gets rid of CO2 (MAINTENANCE of the body)

What are the functions of the digestive system?

brings in food and breaks it down into form body can use; eliminates wastes (MAINTENANCE of the body)

What are the functions of the urinary system?

makes and gets rid of metabolic or nitrogenous wastes (MAINTENANCE of the body)

What are the functions of the reproductive system?

makes sex cells to produce new individuals; maintains sexual characteristics (REPRODUCTION and DEVELOPMENT)

What are the major parts of the integumentary system?

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

What are the major parts of the skeletal system?

bones, cartilage

What are the major parts of the muscular system?

muscles, tendons, ligaments

What are the major parts of the nervous system?

brain, spinal cord, sense organs, nerves

What are the major parts of the endocrine system?

pituitary gland (master endocrine gland), ovaries, testes, pancreas, thyroid, thymus, etc.

What are the major parts of the cardiovascular system?

heart, blood vessels

What are the major parts the digestive system?

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

What are the major parts of the respiratory system?

lungs, trachea

What are the major parts of the reproductive system?

ovaries, uterus, vagina, testes, penis

What are the major parts of the lymphatic or immune system?

white blood cells (WBC), lymph cells, lymph nodes

What are the major parts the urinary system?

kidneys, urinary bladder

a

without, negative

ab

from, away from

ad

to, toward

ante

before

amphi

both sides, surrounding

cervix

neck

circum

around

endo

within

ecto

outside

epi

upon

hyper

over, above

hypo

under, below

infra

beneath

inter

between

itis

inflammation

manus

hand

mast

breast

meso

middle

retro

behind

supra

above

trans

across

gas

stomach

celio

abdomen

cephalic

head

thoracic

chest

ology

study

sacral

lower back (where vertebrae terminates)

hemo

blood

nephrology

study of kidneys

tachypnea

fast (tachy) breathing

axillary

armpit

carpal

wrist

cervical

neck

costal

rib

oral

mouth

ophthalmic

eye

pectoral

chest

femoral

thigh

gluteal

buttock