Biology: Chap. 6/7

Flashcards about cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

ATP

Inorganic phosphates are combined to create this energy-carrying molecule.

Glycolysis

In cytosol,

In: c6h12o6, 2 atp

Out: 2 pyruvate, 4 atp, 2 nadh

Pyruvate oxidation

This process produces two units of reducing NADH and two units of carbon dioxide.

Citric Acid Cycle

This cycle generates two units of ATP, six units of NADH, two units of FADH2, and four units of carbon dioxide.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

This final step of cellular respiration occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Protein clusters (hydrogen pumps)

These proteins act as oxidation-reduction factors in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Protein cluster two

This protein cluster does not go completely through the membrane but is stuck at the top.

Oxidizing agents

As you go from protein one to protein four, these get stronger.

NADH

This reducing agent is used to donate electrons to protein complex one.

Coenzyme Q

This mobile factor within the membrane oxidizes protein complex one and picks up electrons.

Protein complex one

This protein complex performs active transport, pumping hydrogen ions from low to high concentration.

FADH2

This molecule lives on protein complex two and reduces it.

Cytochrome C

This mobile protein oxidizes protein complex three and reduces protein complex four.

Oxygen

This aerobic respiration compound combines with hydrogen ions and oxidizes protein complex four, reducing to water.

ATP synthase

This protein allows hydrogen ions to diffuse from high to low concentration, generating ATP.

Catabolic

These reactions break down molecules and release energy.

Anabolic

These reactions build up molecules and use energy.

Fermentation

Organisms perform this if cells cannot get oxygen fast enough, replenishing NAD+.

Lactic acid fermentation

This fermentation process reduces pyruvate to lactate and oxidizes NADH to NAD+.

Ethanol fermentation

This fermentation process, performed by domestic yeasts, reduces pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide while oxidizing NADH to NAD+.

Lipase

Enzyme that splits fats into glycerol and fatty acids.

Beta oxidation

Process where fatty acids are oxidized into acetyl coenzyme A in the mitochondria.

Protease

Enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins into amino acids.

Deamination

Process of removing the nitrogen group from amino acids.

Organic

The name used to describe all chemistry related to carbon.

Inorganic

The name used to describe something that is not related to carbon.

Photosynthesis

Enzymes that takes carbon dioxide, it takes water, and it captures some energy from light, typically sunlight because it's free, And it sticks them together to to make oxygen gas

Light-dependent reactions

Reaction in plant cells that absorbs light energy and triggers the oxidation of water into oxygen.

Light-independent reactions

Reaction in plant cells that reduces carbon dioxide into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.