EARTH SCIENCE FINAL

Big Bang Theory Evidence

Red shift, CMB radiation, light element abundance

Age of the Universe

13.8 billion years

Early Universe Gases

Hydrogen and helium

Red Shift

Light shifts red as galaxies move away

Big Freeze

Universe expands and cools

Big Crunch

Universe collapses inward

Big Rip

Expansion tears matter apart

Sun Core

Fusion occurs

Radiative Zone

Energy moves by radiation

Convective Zone

Energy moves by convection

Photosphere

Visible surface

Chromosphere

Thin reddish layer

Corona

Hot outer atmosphere

Sunspots Location

Photosphere

Solar Wind Location

Corona

Spicules Location

Chromosphere

Sunspots

Cooler magnetic regions

1989 Montreal Blackout Cause

Solar storm

1989 Montreal Blackout Effect

Power grid failure

Gravity

Force attracting masses

Gravity Value

9.8 m/s²

Kepler Law 1

Elliptical orbits

Kepler Law 2

Equal areas in equal time

Kepler Law 3

Orbit speed depends on distance

Orbit Influences

Mass, gravity, distance, speed

Asteroid

Rocky object orbiting Sun

Meteoroid

Small rock in space

Meteor

Burning meteoroid

Meteorite

Rock that hits Earth

Water Cycle Steps

Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, collection

Carbon Cycle Steps

Photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, combustion, CO₂

Heat & Evaporation

More heat increases evaporation

Heat & Ocean pH

Warmer water increases acidification

Sun Dependent Cycle

Water cycle

Runoff Pro

Moves nutrients

Runoff Con

Causes pollution

Ecosystem Balance

Maintained by cycles

Carbon Footprint Reduction

Save energy

Carbon Footprint Reduction

Drive less

Carbon Footprint Reduction

Eat less meat

Carbon Footprint Reduction

Use renewables

Carbon & Disasters

Increases intensity and frequency

Greenhouse Gas

Carbon dioxide

CO₂ Greenhouse Effect

Traps heat

Mario Molina

Discovered CFC ozone damage

Montreal Protocol

Protects ozone layer

Igneous Rock

Cooled magma or lava

Intrusive Igneous

Slow cooling underground

Extrusive Igneous

Fast cooling surface

Sedimentary Rock

Compacted sediments

Conglomerate

Rounded fragments

Breccia

Angular fragments

Metamorphic Rock

Changed by heat and pressure

Contact Metamorphism

Heat from magma

Regional Metamorphism

Pressure over large areas

Sinkholes

Ground collapse from dissolved rock

Explosive Eruption

Thick magma, violent

Effusive Eruption

Thin magma, gentle

Eruption Factors

Viscosity and gas

Shield Volcano

Wide gentle slopes

Composite Volcano

Explosive layered

Cinder Cone

Small and steep

Convergent Boundary

Mountains and volcanoes

Divergent Boundary

Mid-ocean ridges

Transform Boundary

Earthquakes

Plate Movement Tools

GPS and satellites

Hypocenter

Earthquake origin

Epicenter

Surface point above

Seismic Waves

Energy waves

Foreshock

Smaller quake before

Aftershock

Smaller quake after

Earthquake Scale

Richter and Moment Magnitude

P Wave

Fast, solids and liquids

S Wave

Slower, solids only

Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Solar Energy

Sunlight to electricity (renewable)

Wind Energy

Air movement spins turbines (renewable)

Geothermal Energy

Earth heat (renewable)

Coal

Burned fossil fuel

Oil

Fuel and electricity

Natural Gas

Burned for power

Nuclear Energy

Fission of atoms

Deepwater Horizon

BP oil spill

Oil Spill Effects

Ecosystem damage

Fracking Pro

Increased energy supply

Fracking Pro

Lower prices

Fracking Con

Water pollution

Fracking Con

Earthquakes

Green Tech Harm

Mining and habitat damage

Oil Production Graph

Rise, peak, decline

Nuclear Pro

Low emissions

Nuclear Pro

High output

Nuclear Con

Waste

Nuclear Con

Accident risk

Solar Output Factors

Sun angle, weather, efficiency