Microbiology: Parasites (Helminths)

stool, urine, sputum

helmith eggs can be found in

kato-katz, stool dilution

helminth quantification

nematodes

roundworms

ATEC

Ascaris spp

Trichuris spp

Enterobius spp

Capillaria spp

Intestinal nematodes transmission via ingest egg

HS

Hookworm

Strongyloides spp

intestinal nematodes transmission via percutaneous

binds tubulin

-bendazoles MOA

Ascaris lumbricoides; intestinal nematode

aka giant intestinal roundworm

Ascaris lumbricoides; intestinal nematode

CA + classification of enterocolitis

-bendazole

WTD Ascaris lumbricoides

Trichuris trichuria; intestinal nematode

whipworm

Trichuris trichuria; intestinal nematode

CA + class: rectal prolapse

Trichuria trichuris

Intestinal nematode wherein eosinophil remains normal

-bendazole

WTD Trichuris trichuria

Enterobius vermicularis, intestinal nematodes

pinworm/seatworm/society worm

Enterobius vermicularis, intestinal nematodes

CA + class: Pruritis ani

graham scotch tape test

Enterobius vermicularis dx

pyrantel pamoate

Enterobius vermicularis WTD

Ilocos

Capillaria philippinensis is from

Capillaria philippinensis, intestinal nematodes

Protein-losing enteropathy CA + class

-bendazole

WTD Capillaria philippinensis

Ancylostoma duodenale, intestinal nematodes

Old hookworm

Ancylostoma duodenale, intestinal nematodes

hookworm with teeth

Necator americanus, intestinal nematodes

hookworm with cutting plate

Necator americanus, intestinal nematodes

new world hookworm

Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus

CA of microcytic hypochromic anemia

-bendazole

WTD Ancylostoma duodenale

-bendazole

WTD Necator americanus

Strongyloides stercolaris, intestinal nematode

threadworm CA + class

Strongyloides stercoralis, intestinal nematodes

Paradoxical asthma CA + class

Harada-mori culture

Strongyloides stercoralis dx

Ivermectin

Strongyloides stercolaris tx

Trichinella spiralis, blood and tissue nematode

vivaparous, intracellular parasite

Trichinella spiralis, blood and tissue nematode

acquired via ingestion of encysted larva in pork meat

Trichinella spiralis, blood and tissue nematode

causes increase in creatine phosphokinase

Trichinella spiralis, blood and tissue nematode

rarely isolated in the placenta

Filarial worms

• Wuchereria bancrofti

• Brugia malayi

filariasis

Wuchereria bancrofti, blood and tissue nematodes

Filariasis w/ hydrocele CA + class

Brugia malayi, blood and tissue nematodes

Filariasis w/ elephantiasis

Diethylcarbamazine

filarial worms WTD

Onchocerca volvolus, blood and tissue nematodes

causes river blindness

Ivermectin

Onchocerca volvolus tx

Toxocara canis

aka dog roundworm

Toxocara canis

causes visceral larva migrans

trematodes/flukes

cestodes/tapeworm

subtypes of flatworms

Praziquantel

WTD flatworms

inc Ca permeability

Praziquantel MOA

Schistosoma haematobium

blood fluke

• terminal spine

Schistosoma haematobium

causes Egyptian hematuria

Schistosoma mansoni

blood fluke

• lateral spine

Schistosoma japonicum

Blood fluke

• lateral knob

Schistosoma mansoni & Schistosoma mansoni

causes acute schistosomiasis

Schistosoma mansoni & Schistosoma mansoni

causes Katayama fever

Schistosoma mansoni & Schistosoma mansoni

causes Swimmer’s itch

Faciola hepatica, trematodes/flukes

sheep liver fluke

Faciola hepatica, trematodes/flukes

via ingestion of watercress

Clonorchis sinensis, trematodes/flukes

oriental liver fluke

Chonorchis sinensis, trematodes/flukes

via ingestion of raw fish

Fasciolopsis buski, trematodes/flukes

giant intestinal fluke

Fasciolopsis buski, trematodes/flukes

via peeling water chestnuts using teeth

Paragonimus westermani

oriental lung fluke

Paragonimus westermani, trematodes/flukes

via ingestion of crabs

Taenia solium, cestodes/tapeworm

pork tapeworm

vertebrate

Taenia solium requires as IH

Taenia solium, cestodes/tapeworm

Scolex: head with hooks

Taenia saginata, cestodes/tapeworm

beef tapeworm

Taenia saginata, cestodes/tapeworm

scolex: head with sucker

Diphyllobothrium latum, cestodes/tapewormD

fish tapeworm

invertebrate

Diphyllobothrium latum required IH

Diphyllobothrium latum, cestodes/tapeworm

with operculated egg

vit B12 def

First, the parasite produces a substance that separates the vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex in the gut, preventing absorption. Second, the tapeworm itself avidly consumes and utilizes large amounts of vitamin B12 from the host's diet, directly competing with the human host.

Diphyllobothrium latum WOF

Hymenolepsis nana, cestodes/tapeworm

dwarf tapeworm

invertebrates

Hymenolepsis nana required IH

Hymenolepsis nana, cestodes/tapeworm

smallest tapeworm

beetle

Hymenolepsis nana vector

Dipylidium caninum, cestodes/tapeworm

flea tapeworm

Dipylidium caninum, cestodes/tapeworms

with proglottids

Dipylidium caninum, cestodes/tapeworms

resembling rice grains

Echinococcus granulosus, cestodes/tapeworms

causes Hyatid cysts

cestodes/tapeworms

dog tapeworm

anaphylaxis

hyatid cysts can cause

Praziquantel

Niclosamide

drug tx vs T. saginata and other taperworms