PSYCH 230 - Final Exam

Personality Dynamics

How personality functions in creating motivation.

Need = Drive = Behaviour = Goal = Relief = Need

Dunedin’s Dynamics

Other forces connected to motivation…

• Energy

• Activity

• Power

• Strength

• Ability

Motivation

The psychological process which activates and directs behaviour, specifically at an aimed goal or objective.

Homeostasis

The tendency for people to remain in a state of balance between minimal to moderate arousal.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Performance is at its peace when under optimal arousal.

Too high causes tension or anxiety.

Too low causes boredom and fatigue.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation outside the activity of self.

This could be an order from a parent or some sort of work. This is considered the lesser impact in motivation.

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation has value for us in the self. This could be to set some sort of new PR or wanting to achieve a personal goal. This is more impactful for motivation.

Overjustification (corruption) effect

When the extrinsic motivation can decrease the intrinsic motivation.

Need Goal (Push)

States of organic imbalance. A deficit or overabundance that require rebalancing.

Motivational Goal (Pull)

An object or means that causes stress reduction and satisfaction. This is the cessation of need.

Approach motivation

This is action toward a goal.

Can be done by taking steps towards an overarching achievement

Avoidance Motivation

Action taken away from the goal.

Done by avoiding what needs to be done to achieve a goal.

Freud’s View of Motivation

That the most powerful psychic energy is libido and that we pursue a goal for gratification.

Most times this gratification is instant.

Jung’s View of Motivation

Focused on the collective unconscious and how cultural experience motivates us and our goal.

Instincts

Behaviour that’s genetically determined, innate, and universal.

• Hunting

• Mating

• Escaping

Propensities

Basic innate motives representing the most important human instincts special to humans.

• Love

• Hate

• Revenge

Ethology

Explains human behaviour/functions of instinct. Displays the established patterns of human behaviour and all other living species.

Biosociology

Theorizes all life phenomenon that’s the result of the activity in genes or genetic activity.

Genes generally protect themselves for reproduction.

Attitudes

The basic units of personality dynamics.

Attitudes: Ego Strength

A high or low level of positive attitude, well-being, self-esteem, and sense of control as a source of building self image.

Attitudes: Determination

Is the Insightfulness, strength, and willpower in goal setting and problem solving.

Attitudes: Social Efficacy

The social influence, assertiveness, reputation, recognition, and consideration in society.

Attitudes: Partnership

Intimacy and care that you take for a significant other.

Attitudes: Superego Strength

The Pro-Moral, conformist, traditional, and conservative attitude.

Attitudes: Id Strength

Aggression, suspiciousness, emotionality, and harm avoidance.

Attitudes: Achievement Motivation

The self-assertiveness, and fulfilling of cognitive needs.

Attitudes: Present-Mindedness

Living in the moment instead of dwelling on the past.

Attitudes: Attachement

Affection, affiliation, sympathy, empathy, and interdependence.

Forms of Pull Motivation

• Cultural Goals

• Values

Values

Highly generalized motivational goals. They are the moral compasses that drive us.

Schwartz Model of Values

• Openness to Change

• Conservation

Musek’s theory of Values

• Apollonian (fulfilment)

• Dionysian (gratification)

Musek’s Comprehensive Theory Values

Work from top to bottom…

• Microdimensions of Values

• Value Types

• Middle Range Categories

• Specific values

The Psychological Trilogy

• Personality

• Attitudes and Beliefs

• Cognitive Abilities

Behaviour

The function of a person in a given environment and how they react to stimuli.

Positive/Negative situational experiences

The majority of situations are determined as…

• positive

• Social

• Non-threatening

Although that’s not considering negative life experiences.

Situational experiences

These are based on positive aspects of the big five such as…

• Being open-minded

• Extravertedness

• Less neurotic

• Conscientiousness

• Agreeable personability

Situational Experiences in Broad Spectrum

Correlations between country-level situations and value orientations such as…

• Individualism

• Collectivism

Personality Development Ties

Personality has history of being tied to…

• Genetics

• Social learning

• Environmental factors

• Gene/environment interaction

Self-Activity

Creating the image of who you are and who you you want to be.

Flower Process Development

This is development over short periods of Tina and is very slow in the grand scheme.

Butterfly Process Development

This is over a longer period of time and may be viewed in several phases.

Instances of Trauma

• Illnesses

• Diseases

• Disorders

• Injuries

• Extreme violence

Volitional Personality Changes

Those who actively make changes in their life to alter their personality. This could be to make themselves more agreeable, extraverted, etc.

Erikson’s Model of Development

Modelled after eight stages through life.

• Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

• Initiative vs Guilt

• Industry vs Inferiority

• Identity vs Role confusion

• Intimacy vs Isolation

• Generatively vs Stagnation

• Integrity vs Despair

Buhler’s Self Determination

Theorizes that personal development is made up by self determination.

This means that all change in life is made by the goals you are trying to meet.

Levinson’s Life Seasons

Life stages that encourage re-evaluation in life. These include…

1. Childhood and Adolescence

1. Early Adulthood

2. Mid Adulthood

3. Late adulthood

Links to Antisocial Behaviour

• Low conscientiousness

• Low agreeableness

• High neuroticism

Personality Links to Leadership

• Extraversion

• Conscientiousness

• Openness

• Agreeableness

Gerber’s Theory of Politics

The assumption is that…

• Conscientiousness - Conservatism

• Openness - Liberalism

Most Related to Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities

Openness is noted to be the most related to fluid intelligence.

Openness has no evidence to be related to crystallized intelligence.

Euthymia

The cheerfulness, good feeling, and happy mood

Democritus

The ultimate sense of well-being tied to…

• Telos

• Euthymia

• Euresto

• Ataraxia

Telos

Contentment and heart peace

Euresto

Steady balance of the mind

Hedonism

The belief to strive for one’s own happiness, wellbeing, and joy in life.

Eudaimonism

In order to feel happiness, people must live in accordance with virtues and values in a given belief.

It is to abolish all negative aspects in life.

Utilitarianism

Well-being emerging through activity focused on one’s own good.

Desire Theory

That we work to fulfill our deepest wishes

Subjective Emotional Wellbeing

This is the hedonistic, emotional, and cognitive aspects in life.

It studies affect theory in highs and lows.

Psychological Well-being

the Eudemonic study of life’s meaning.

Emphasizes growth, purpose, and self acceptance.

Self Determination Models

Emphasizes the role of one’s own satisfaction of human needs.

This particularity focuses on…

• Autonomy need

• Relatedness

• Competence

PERMA Model

Based 5 core elements on wellbeing…

• Positive Emotions

• Engagement

• Relationships

• Meaning

• Accomplishments

Affect, Emotionality, and Personality

The Affect of emotionality is defined as…

• Activated

• Deactivated

• Positive

• Negative

HFWB

The Hierarchal framework of well-being.

It sees that experience of personality is the values fulfillment of one’s life.

Genetic Factors that Strongly Influence Personality

• Risk and Vulnerability

• Plasticity

• Resilience

• Environmental Sensitivity

Genetic Polymorphism

The presence of two or more variant forms of a specific DNA sequence or trait population.

Means you are more at risk for developing maladaptive disorders.

Five Facets to Extraversion

• Activity

• Stimulation

• Experience

• Exposure

• Emotional stability

Strong link to Well-being

It’s proven that the amount and regular occurrence of positive life events are linked to a well-being.

Personality vs external factors

Our personality is a better predictor of our behaviour as what happens around us is typically temporary.

Biggest Impacts of Well-being

These three parts of the big five are the most effective on our well-being…

• Neuroticism (negatively)

• Stability (Positive)

• Extraversion (dependant)

Multivariate/Cluster Theory

The theory that factor analysis and a made up of related cues…

• Hedonism

• Personality

• Negative emotionality

• Social well-being

• Social harmony

Trait stress

The tension or discomfort felt when a stressor strains our ability to cope

Allostatic Load

The wear and tear that our body experiences when constantly under stress.

Coping processes and motivation

The two factors that determine our wellbeing by our ability to handle stress and achieve goals under tension.

BAS

Behaviour Actuation

Rewards oneself with a non-punishing stimuli

BIS

Behavioural Inhibition

Reacts to punishment and non-reward stimuli that is often novelty.

Resilience

The capacity to successfully adapt to difficult/challenging circumstances

Hardiness

The capacity to successfully withstand stressful life events and experience them as an acceptable challenge.

Burnout

Described as an exhaustion, depression, and lack of energy from commitment to a task that has taken longer than we can handle.

Traits positively associated with burnout

• conscientiousness

• Neuroticism

Traits negatively associated with

• Extraversion

• Agreeableness

• Openness

MMPI

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

it is the most widely used personality test when assessing personality and psychopathy.

Measures of The MMPI

• Emotional/Internalizing dysfunction

• Thought dysfunction

• Behaviours/external dysfunction

Psychosomatic Medicine

Interconnects body and mind with how one affects the other.

Examples of Psychosomatic medicine

• Conscientiousness is linked to a better health

• Emotional stability is linked to less likelihood of developing neurotic traits

• Extraversion linked to a higher mor