Period 1 APUSH

Beringia

Land bridge formed during the Ice Age due to frozen oceans and lowered sea levels

Maize

Corn, initially domesticated in Mexico and later spread to North America

Anasazi

Ancestors of the Pueblo people, known for building sand dwellings, with descendants like the Zuni and Hopi

Pueblo people

Ate corn, constructed adobe huts, and faced downfall due to conflicts with soldiers, missionaries, and settlers

Iroquois League of Peace/Five Nation Confederacy

Peace treaty among five tribes in the Great Lakes Region

Aztecs

Ancient Mexicans, conquered by Hernan Cortes and devastated by smallpox

Old World

Refers to Europe, Asia, and Africa

New World

Refers to the Americas

Treaty of Tordesillas

Pope Alexander VI divided the New World for Spain and the Old World for Portugal

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incans

Hernando de Soto

Spanish explorer who conquered Cuba and explored Florida

Encomienda

Feudal system between Spanish encomenderos and enslaved Indians who had to pay tribute

Columbian trade

Trade network involving North America, Europe, and Africa

Southwest

Sedentary lifestyle, Anasazi culture, and three-sister farming

Mississippi

Sedentary lifestyle involving the Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Choctaw tribes

Great Plains

Nomadic and semi-sedentary lifestyle, reliant on buffalo and teepees

Pacific Northwest

Sedentary lifestyle focused on fishing, hunting, and totem poles

Northeast

Sedentary lifestyle with longhouses, three-sister farming, and under the Peace Treaty

Bartolome de las Casas

Advocate for Native American civil rights, unsuccessful in convincing the Spanish

Juan Sepulva

Argued that Indians were an inferior race

Requerimiento

Spanish law allowing enslavement of Indians only if they were war captives

Mestizo

Mixed heritage of Indigenous peoples and Spanish

Casta system

Racial hierarchy system.