Anatomy and Physiology Chapters 1 and 2 Review

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering anatomical terminology, body planes, cavities, feedback loops, and basic chemical principles from the lecture transcript.

Physiology

The study of the function of the human body.

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body.

Tissue

Groups of similar cells that have a common function.

Nervous System

A fast-acting control system.

Superior

A directional term describing a position above another part, such as the nose being superior to the lips.

Proximal

A directional term describing a position closer to the point of attachment or the trunk; for example, the knee is proximal to the ankle.

Anterior

A directional term meaning toward the front.

Medial

A directional term meaning toward the midline of the body.

Superficial

A directional term meaning closer to the skin or surface than deeper structures.

Deep

A directional term meaning farther from the skin; for example, arteries are deep compared to veins.

Cervical

The region of the body pertaining to the neck.

Brachium

The anatomical term for the arm region.

Antebrachium

The anatomical term for the forearm region.

Antecubital

The region located in front of the elbow.

Hallux

The anatomical term referring specifically to the big toe.

pollex

The term used in the transcript to refer to the thumb.

Midsagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves.

Transverse Plane

A plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

Frontal Plane

A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Cerebrospinal Fluid

The fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord.

Diaphragm

The term used in the transcript to identify the structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal pelvic cavity.

Parietal Membrane

The layer of serosa membrane that lines the body cavity.

Visceral Membrane

The layer of serosa membrane that covers the organs.

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

The abdominal quadrant where the liver is primarily located.

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

The abdominal quadrant where the appendix is located.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body.

Positive Feedback Loop

A feedback mechanism that reinforces a stimulus, such as the release of oxytocin during childbirth, until a final event is reached.

Negative Feedback Loop

A feedback mechanism that promotes stability by opposing a change, similar to a home thermostat.

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Major Body Elements

The four elements that make up $96\%$ of the body's mass: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

Anabolic Reaction

A chemical reaction that builds or creates structures, represented as $A + B = AB$.

Catabolic Reaction

A chemical reaction involving destruction or breaking down, represented as $AB \rightarrow A + B$.

Enzyme

A biological catalyst that increases the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Activation Energy

The amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

Covalent Bond

The strongest type of chemical bond, occurring when electrons are shared between two or more non-metal atoms.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed when electrons are transferred between a metal and a non-metal atom.

Cation

An ion that is positively charged.

Anion

An ion that is negatively charged.

Hydrophilic

A property of a substance or structure, such as a phospholipid head, that is attracted to water.

Hydrophobic

A property of a substance or structure, such as a phospholipid tail, that repels or is "scared" of water.

Acid

A substance that acts as a hydrogen ion or proton donor.

Base

A substance that acts as a hydrogen ion or proton acceptor; also referred to as alkaline.

pH Scale

A negative log scale where each unit represents a $10\times$ change in concentration.

Potential Energy

Energy that is stored and ready to go to work.

Kinetic Energy

Energy in the form of motion.