NR 283 Quiz 3 Concepts Questions with 100% correct answers -Chamberlain

What is vomitus?

The forceful expulsion of chyme from the stomach due to the simulation from the medulla causing distension or irritation from the digestive tract

What stimulates vomitus to occur?

Medulla

What stimulations initiate vomiuts?

-Sights

-Smells

-Ischemia

What is another word for vomitus?

Emesis

What are some manifestations of vomitus?

-Pain

-Stress

-Vestibular apparatus of inner ear (motion)

What are some characteristics of vomitus?

-Presence of blood

-Yellow/green stained

-Deeper brown color

-Recurrent vomiting of undigested food

What does yellow/ green vomitus indicate?

Presence of bile from the duodenum

What does a deep brown color vomitus indicate?

Content is from lower intestines

What are the two colors of vomitus that indicates presence of blood?

- Coffee ground vomitus

- Red blood in vomitus

What does red vomitus mean?

Contents contain blood

What dos a coffee ground vomitus indicate?

Action of HCL on hemoglobin

What is the definition of diarrhea?

Excessive frequency of stools that has a loos or watery consistency

What are some characteristics of Diarrhea?

-Nausea

-Vomiting

-Cramping

-Dehydration

-Electrolyte imbalance

What is large-volume diarrhea?

An increase of secretions into the intestines that is typically related to infections like CDIF

What is small volume diarrhea?

- Volume of feces is not increased and typically results from inflammatory bowel disease

- may contain blood, mucus or pus

What manifestations are associated with small-volume diarrhea?

- abdominal cramps

- Tenesmus

What does tenesmus mean?

rectal pain

What is steatorrhea?

Fatty diarrhea stools

What are the manifestations of steatorrhea?

-Bulky/ greasy stools

-Loose stools

-Foul odor stools

"cow patty" stool

What diseases / syndromes can cause steatorrhea?

-Celiac disease

-cystic fibrosis

What is constipation?

Less frequent bowel movement than normal that typically presents itself in acute or chronic episodes that contains small and hard stools

What can cause constipation?

- Decreased peristalsis

- weakness of smooth muscles due to aging or illness

-inadequate dietary fiber intake

- inadequate fluid intake

- Failure to respond to defecation reflex

- immobility

- neurological disorders

-drugs

-obstructions

What type of drugs can cause constipation?

- opiates

- antacids

- iron supplements

What can be a result of chronic constipation?

- Hemorrhoids

- Anal fissures

- Diverticulitis

What is Acute gastritis?

An inflammation of the gastric mucosa that may be ulcerated and cause bleeding

What causes acute gastritis?

- infections

- allergies to foods

- spicy or irritating foods

- excessive alcohol intake

- ingestion of medicines

- radiation or chemotherapy

what meds can cause acute gastritis?

-Aspirin

- NSAIDs

- Corrosive or toxic med substances

What are some manifestations of acute gastritis?

-Anorexia

-Nausea

-Vomiting

-Hematemesis

-Epigastric pain / cramping

-Diarrhea w/ infections

What is hematemesis?

vomiting blood

What are the treatment methods for acute gastritis?

-Self-limiting causative agents

-Supportive treatment

-Antimicrobials w/ infections

What is Chronic gastritis?

Chronic inflammation of stomach mucosa

What is the most common cause chronic gastritis?

Helicobacter pylori

What are some characteristics of Chronic gastritis?

- Loss of secretory glands

- Reduced production of intrinsic factor

What are some signs of Chronic gastritis?

- Mild epigastric discomfort

- Anorexia

- Intolerance for certain foods

What are risk factors associated with development of Chronic Gastricitis?

-Development of peptic ulcers

-Development of cancers

What is the most common cancer that develops from Chronic gastritis?

Gastric carcinoma

What is the definition of peptic ulcer disease?

Ulcer that is found in the antrum of the stomach and duodenum that is caused by H. pylori and Chronic NSAID usage

What is a peptic ulcer found in the proximal duodenum?

Duodenal ulcers

Where is a gastric ulcer typically found?

in the antrum of the stomach

What two items cause peptic ulcers to occur?

-H. Pylori infection

- Chronic NSAID usage

What are the characteristics of a peptic ulcers

- Breakdown of mucosal barrier causing a decrease in the mucosal defense

-increased acid secretion

What is the most predominant factor of duodenal ulcers characteristics?

- Increased acid secretion

What are some non-infectious causes of peptic ulcers?

-inadequate blood supply due to vasoconstriction

-excessive glucocorticoids

-medications

-Atrophy of gastric mucosa

What ingested items can cause peptic ulcers to occur?

-glucocorticoid

-aspirin

-NSAID

-alcohol

What are signs and symptoms of a peptic ucler?

-epigastric burning

-localized pain following stomach emptying

What are some tests that can be performed that will determine peptic uclers?

-Fiberoptic endoscopy

-Barium X-ray

-Endoscopic biopsy

What are some treatments for peptic ulcers?

-Treatments for elimination of H. Pylori

-Reduction of exacerbating factors

What drugs can be utilized to eliminate H. Pylori?

Antimicrobial drugs and Proton pump inhibators

What are some complications regarding peptic ulcers?

-Hemorrhage

-Perforation

-Obstruction

What can Perforation of a peptic ulcer lead to?

peritonitis

What is the most common sign of a gastric ulcer?

Hemorrhage present

What is the definition of a stress ulcer?

Ulcers that are associated with severe or systemic problems

What are some examples of causes of stress ulcers

-head injuries

-burns

-hemorrhage

-sepsis

What is the first indicators of stress ulcers?

-hemorrhage

-Severe pain

What is Crohn's disease?

A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of any portion of the digestive tract.

What are some characteristics of Crohn's disease?

-inflammation of any aspect of the digestive tract

-loose / semi-formed stools

What disease can see transmusal lesions?

Crohn's disease

What is the distribution of lesion for Crohn's disease?

"Skip lesions"

-Transmusal lesions

What are the characteristics of a transmusal lesion?

Lesion are separated by areas of normal lesions that can impact affect all areas within the region

What is ulcerative colitis?

Ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease, just in the LARGE intestine

where can ulcerative colitis occur?

-Colon

-Rectum

What is the distribution of lesions associated with ulcerative colitis?

-Continuous areas of infected mucosa

-No skip lesions present

-Diffusion throughout areas

What are manifestations or characteristics of ulcerative colitis?

- Frequent stools

- Watery stools

- Blood/ mucus containing stools

What is the definition of Colorectal Cancer?

malignancy development from adenomatous polyps primarily in elderly individuals

What are some risk factors associated with Colorectal cancer?

-Familial multiple polyposis

-long-term ulcerative colitis

-genetic factors

-environmental factors due to low diet fibers

What are signs/ symptoms of colorectal cancer?

-Change in bowel habits

-Alternating diarrhea and constipation

-Fatigue

-Bleeding

-Weight loss

-Anemia

What are the treatments for Colorectal cancer?

-Surgical removal

-Radiation

-Chemotherapy

What is viral hepatitis?

inflammation of the liver due to cellular injury and necrosis of the liver

What are the three stages of viral hepatitis?

-Preicteric

-Icteric

-Posticteric

What are some symptoms of the Preicteric stage of viral hepatitis?

-Fatigue

-Malaise

-Anorexia

-Nausea

-General muscle aching

What are some symptoms of the Icteric stage of viral hepatitis?

-Jaundice

-Stool is lighter in color

-urine is darker

-Liver is tenders w/ enlargement

-mild aching pain

What is the Posticteric stage of viral hepatitis?

the recovery stage

What are risks or complications associated with viral hepatitis?

Causes an increased risk for viral hepatitis C (HVC)

What is Cirrhosis?

progressive destruction of the liver

What can cause Cirrhosis?

-Alcoholic liver disease

-Postnecrotic cirrhosis

-Chronic hepatitis

-Long-term exposure to toxic material

What is alcoholic liver disease associated with?

Cirrhosis of the liver

What is the initial stage of Cirrhosis: alcoholic liver disease?

-"Fatty liver"

-enlargement of liver occurs

-typically asymptomatic

-reversible w/ reduced alcohol intake

what is the second stage of Cirrhosis: alcoholic liver disease?

Considered to be Alcoholic Hepatitis

- Inflammation occurs

-Fibrous tissue forms

- Irreversible tissue change occurs

What is the final (third) stage of Cirrhosis: alcoholic liver disease?

End-stage cirrhosis

-fibrotic tissue replacement occurs

-liver can barely function

What are some manifestations of cirrhosis?

- Fatigue

- Anorexia

- Weight loss

- Anemia

- Diarrhea

- Dull aching pain in URQ

What are some manifestations of advanced cirrhosis?

-Ascites

-Peripheral edema

-Increased bruising

-Esophageal varices

-jaundice

-encephalopathy

How does one treat cirrhosis?

- avoid alcohol

-supportive symptomatic treatment

-dietary restrictions

-balancing serum electrolytes

-paracentesis

-antibiotics to reduce intestinal flora

- emergency treatment

-liver transplant

What can occur if the esophageal varices ruptures?

- hemorrhage may occur

-circulatory shock may occur

how does one treat esophageal varices ruptures?

Emergency treatment is necessary to treat

What is renal calculi?

Stones that form in the urinary tract that can vary in shape and size

What may cause the size / shape of stones in renal calculi?

- high levels of calcium

- high alkaline urine

What are some signs/ symptoms of renal calculi?

- Flank pain

- Frequent infections

-Renal colic

-Nausea

-Vomiting

-Cool moist skin

-Rapid pulse

What causes a renal colic?

obstruction of the ureter

What are signs/ symptoms of a renal colic?

- intense spasms of pain in the flank

- Radiating pain to the groin area

What are some treatments of renal calculi?

-Small stones pass eventually

-Drugs may help dissolve stone partially

-Surgery

What are some preventative methods for renal calculi?

-Treat underlying conditions

-Adjustment of urine pH through dietary modification

-consistent fluid intake

what are some Risk factors associated with renal calculi?

- poor diet

- high calcium levels

- alkaline urine

- dehydration

- Gout

- high-purine diets (gout)

- chemotherapy

What is Acute renal failure?

Failure of the kidney for various reasons (mentioned by in causes)

What causes acute renal failure?

-Nephrotoxins

-Mechanical destruction

-Acute bilateral kidney diseases

-Oliguria

-Anuria

What is olguria?

reduced urine output

What is anuria?

no urine output

What bilateral kidney disease is associated with acute renal failure?

Glomerulonephritis

What are some signs/ symptoms of acute renal failure?

- Development is rapid

-BUN is elevated

-Creatine levels are elevated

-Metabolic acidosis occurs

-Hyperkalemia

What does BUN stand for?

blood urea nitrogen

What are some treatments for acute kidney failure?

- Dialysis

- Treatment of underlying conditions

- increase fluid intake

- increase urine output