Chem 2C Midterm 1

Cathode

Reduction

Anode

Oxidation

Primary Cell Batteries

Cannot be recharged (dry cell batteries, silver-zinc batteries)

Dry Cell Batteries

Acidic or alkaline, anode = zinc and cathode = manganese oxide. Hold charge a long time, and good for emergency use

Silver-Zinc/Button Batteries

Small with a high-storage capacity, very toxic if swallowed, anode = zinc and cathode = silver

Secondary Cell Batteries

Can be recharged, cell reaction reversed with electricity

Lead-Acid/Storage Batteries

Concentration cell with HSO4 and lead, used for car batteries, can last for years, can explode if jumped incorrectly, needs to be topped off with water as HSO4 concentration changes over time, can't start at low temps due to contraction

NiCad Batteries

Home-use rechargable batteries and have memory, alkaline, anode = cadmium and cathode = nickel

Lithium Battery (Li-Ion Cell)

Reliable with long lifetime, twice the capacity of NiCad batteries, avoid heat, used in pacemakers and laptops and more, have potential for deep discharge but varies. Cathode and anode are different kinds of lithium ions/compounds

Flow/Fuel Cell Batteries

Converts chemical to electrical energy, fuel and oxygen, used by power-plants and NASA, cell burns cleanly with only water as a product, spontaneous, platinum is used as a catalyst, not really a battery

Air Batteries

Water and aluminum used as reactants, cathode is oxygen, aluminum from reaction recycled and reused, must be reset every 250 miles (add 6 gallon of water, remove aluminum hydroxide)

Corrosion

Oxidation of metal, for example rust where cathode = oxygen and water and anode = iron

Plating

putting a sacrificial anode onto another metal to prevent corrosion

Alloy

Mixture of metals, homogeneous or not

Cathode Protection

technique for controlling corrosion of a metal

Sacrificial Anode

Oxidizes first before metal it's protecting

Electrolysis

Forcing a non-spontaneous reaction to occur via electricity

Radii

decrease and then increase across row, first row is small and second and third rows are approximately the same because of lanthanide contraction

Density

increases then decreases across the row, and third row has significantly higher densities than other rows because of lanthanide contraction

Transition Metal Character

ionic and covalent

Color

Partially filled d shells give color, and fully filled or unfilled ones are colorless or white

Magnetism

Paramagnetic or ferromagnetic

Catalysts

TMs are good catalysts because can accept a lot of ligands easily and varying ox. states and CNs

Metallurgy

Process of making pure metal from ore

Scandium

Scandium family, +3, d0, colorless, dimagnetic, has diagonal relationship to aluminum so alloys are made between them

Titanium

Titanium family, +4, diagonal relationship to carbon and silicon, low density and high strength, white pigment in paper, used for artificial joints

Vanadium

Vanadium family, +2 and +5, V2O5 (vanadium oxide) is a common catalyst for production of sulfuric acid, hard

Chromium

Chromium family, +2 and +3 and +6, good protective material for plating, terracotta soldier weapons plated with chromium, red color in rubies

Tungsten

Chromium family, only third row element found in biomolecules, heavy and strong and hard, drill bits, light-bulb filaments

Manganese

Manganese family, +2 to +7, MnO2 and MnO4-, dry cell batteries, good catalyst

Technetium

Manganese family, smallest fully radioactive compound, tracer for mammograms

Iron

Iron family, +2 and +3, most abundant on Earth (4.7%), alloys, steel structures, metal-carbonyl bonds

Cobalt

Cobalt family, +2 and +3, blue color but also range of colors, batteries, vitamin B-12, metal-carbonyl bonds

Nickel

Nickel family, resists corrosion, +2, coining metal, NiCad batteries, good catalyst, double-magic metal-carbonyl bonds

Platinum

Nickel family,+2 and +4, least reactive metal, good catalyst, does not oxidize readily

Copper

Copper family (coinage metals), +1 and +2, alloys are bronze (tin + copper) and brass (zinc + copper), very conductive (copper wires), coinage metal

Silver

Copper family, +1, alloys (mercury + silver tooth fillings), coinage metal, jewelry

Gold

Copper family, +1 and +3, key to monetary system, does not oxidize readily

Zinc

Zinc family, sacrificial anode, colorless (d10), batteries

Mercury

Zinc family, +1 and +2, quicksilver, Hg because hydrargyrum, toxic!

Lanthanides

Zinc family (?), +3 (sometimes +2 and +4), comes in ores with multiple lanthanides in them

Actinides

Zinc family (?), paramagnetic and radioactive, toxic, similar to lanthanides, nuclear weapons

CO

carbonyl

NO

Nitrosyl

CH3NH2

methylamine

C5H5N

Pyridine

O (2-)

oxo

OH-

Hydroxo

CN-

Cyano

SO4 (2-)

sulfato (sulfate)

S2O3 (2-)

Thiosulfato

NO2 (-)

Nitrito-N-

ONO (-)

Nitrito-O-

SCN (-)

Thiocyanato-S-

NCS (-)

Thiocyanato-N-

En

ethylenediamine (bidentate)

ox (2-) or C2O4 (2-)

Oxalato (bidentate)

EDTA (4-)

ethylenediaminetetraacetato (Hexadentate)

Iron

ferrate

Copper

cuprate

tin

stannate

silver

argentate

lead

plumbate

gold

aurate

Structural isomers

Coordination, linkage, ionization

Linkage Isomers

Ligand connecting with different atoms (ex: SCN vs CNS)

Ionization isomers

Ligand and counter ion swap

Coordination isomers

Two transition metals in same complex swap partners/ligands

cis

different axes

trans

same axes, never chiral

fac

same face

mer

same plane/neighboring, never chiral