TTU ANSC 4406 Exam 3 Material

What type of parasites are there?

-external

-internal

What is sheep ked?

external parasite that that bite and irritate the sheep

-affects the quality of the fleece

how do you treat sheep ked?

dip spray or dust to treat

what are wool maggots?

external parasite that gets in open sores and bloody dock area

-live in wet environments and feeds on wool and dead skin

how do you treat wool maggots?

shear and spray area

what two types of lice are there?

sucking & biting (external)

what happens with lice in sheep?

sheep scratch and rub, affects their wool quality and weight gain

Are goats or sheep more affected with lice?

Goats

what are head bots in sheep and goats?

external parasite that live as larvae in the sinus of the animal

-sheep/goat will shake head and snort

what is psoroptic mange also referred to as?

scabies

What happens with scabies with sheep and goats?

it is caused by an external parasite, normally a mite that causes itching

-this is a reportable condition

what are some types of internal parasites?

-stomach and intestinal

-lung worms

-tape worms

-flukes

-coccidia

what are some symptoms of parasitism?

-loss of condition

-rough hair coat

-anemia

-bottle jaw

-death

-pale mucous membranes (eyelids and gums)

when are parasites most prevalent?

usually warm wet weather in the spring

What happens with goats and sheep that have stomach or intestinal parasites?

-primary health condition

worm pierces lining of abomasum and sucks blood or steals nutrients

(more of a problem in wet humid environments)

how do most sheep and goats obtain stomach and intestinal parasites?

mainly from grazing purposes

What is the parasite "Ostertagia Ostertagia" also referred to?

Brown stomach worm

Describe the process of the internal lung worm parasite.

-Normally in wet, Low lying pastures that have cool weather, these worms travel through the tissue into the lungs

How are lung worms passed along in sheep?

eggs are passed in feces rather than ingestion by sheep

How do tape worms affect sheep?

As an internal process, a large number could occupy the small intestines, can include blockage and overeating disease

-lamb growth weight could be affected

What organ does the internal fluke parasite affect?

liver

how does the fluke parasite work?

-leaches nutrients from the host and requires snails as the intermediate host

what drugs can you use to treat the fluke parasite?

-Clorsulon

-Albendazole

What is Coccidia?

single celled protozoa that infect the intestines, normally in warm-wet environments

what can you use to treat sheep with coccidia?

-Corid

-Amprolium

What is coccidiosis?

-mainly from protozoa in coccidia seen in confinement and NOT in the pasture

-could cause rectal prolapse

how can you treat sheep with coccidiosis?

-prevent by feeding decox to animal mixed with feed

OR

-drench with cored or mass treatment through water

what are some methods of deworming?

-drench

-in feed or water

-injection

-Pour on (not for sheep and goats)

What are the 3 classes of anthelmintics?

-Benzimidazoles

-Imidazothiazoles

-Macrolides

What falls under benzimidazoles?

-safeguard

-panacure

-valbazen

what falls under imidazothiazoles?

-levisol

-tramisol

-rumatel

what falls under macrolides?

-Ivomec

-Cydectin

how can you prevent anthelmintic resistance?

-rotation of chemical types and using rotation regimes

how can you manage parasites?

-have good drainage for no standing water

-prevent overstocking

-clean pastures for lambs

-don't feed on the ground

-provide adequate nutrition for all livestock

what are the 5 nutrient requirements in basic livestock nutrition and feeding?

-water

-energy (carbs and fats)

-protein

-minerals

-vitamins

how does water affect dry matter intake?

normally 1 gallon of water for 4 lbs of air dry feed

what water factors affect intake?

-increased Nitrogen intake

-excessive mineral intake (salt)

-environmental temperature

-gestation & lactation

what are some concerns of water intake?

-rain, dew and snowfall

-eating wrong forage

-overall water sources

What is the most limiting nutrient?

Energy(fats and CHO)

How does a decline in energy affect sheep?

decreases there growth, can cause weight loss and reproductive failure

-also increases lamb death

how can you increase energy on the range?

supplement with corn

what is the most expensive nutrient?

protein (need quantity more than quality)

what can Urea provide in protein?

only provides 1/3 of total protein in ration

(ewes must have plentiful carbs to feed on)

what is the mineral concern of Iodine?

goiter and baby lambs could be wool-less

what is the mineral concern of calcium?

mainly from hay and pasture

what is the mineral concern of phosphorus?

need proper ratio with calcium or develop urinary calculi --> 2:1 or 2.5:1

what is the mineral concern of selenium and vitamin E?

works together and if deficient then you can have white muscle disease

What is vitamin B?

synthesized

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

What is vitamin A?

green feedstuffs, converts carotene to vitamin A

What is vitamin D?

get from sunshine

What is vitamin K?

from forage

what is vitamin E?

works with selenium to prevent white muscle disease

What are the five yearly nutritional requirements?

1. breeding

2. gestation

3. lactation

4. lambing

5. dry period

how long should you flush before breeding?

2-3 weeks

what does flushing for breeding do?

increases nutrition, weight and ovulation rate

what is the gestation period for sheep?

147-148 days (5 months)

what is the means of mastitis in gestation?

feeding low levels of antibiotics to help prevent

what happens during the lambing stage?

restrict feed the first day and then increase slowly

what happens during the lactation stage?

the milk production peaks at 2-3 weeks and need to be above maintenance

what is the dry period stage?

a 4 month period after lactation and lambing

what is the leading cause of death for lambs?

starvation

how long should lambs nurse after birth?

2-3 hrs after birth (30 mins after birth blood sugar level declines to half)

define hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

What does colostrum do?

provides antibodies to help shape immune system (lambs needs to consume within 12 hrs of birth)

what has to be good to graft efficiently?

timing

when to wean early?

better to wean at 60-90 days bc it's cheaper

-better utilization of pastures

-predators

-poisonous plants

how to early wean?

1. 1 week before weaning remove all grain and feed roughage only

2. 1 day before weaning remove all feed and water

3. On weaning day- no feed and water

4. 2-5 days- no feed, only water

5. After day 5-slowly increase hay intake

when to creep feed

Early weaned lambs

Fall and winter born lambs

Twin lambs

Late season

Drought

How to creep feed?

1. start soon (1 week)

2. lambs will pick there place and the feed must be of a high palatability

What is the protein content of an early creep diet?

18%

what is the protein content of a 60-90 day post weaning diet?

16%

what is the protein content of an older post weaning diet?

12%-14%

what does a post weaning diet do?

-high energy diet

-promotes fast growth

-calcium and phosphorus ratio is important

what can a urinary calculi cause in a post weaning diet?

blocking urethra (death follows)

what can you do to prevent a urinary calculi?

use ammonium chloride or ammonium sulfate to dissolve crystals by acidifying urine

what is the process of feeding replacement ewes?

they don't need as much energy of feedlot lambs (50:50) with 13-15 % crude protein

-manage the intake aggressively enough so that they breed as lambs and then lambs as yearlings