Enculturation and Socialization: Conformity and Deviance

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering enculturation, socialization, identity, norms, deviance, and human rights concepts from the lecture notes.

Interactions take the forms of __ and enculturation.

socialization

The self is a product of __ processes.

social

__ refers to a lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture.

Socialization

The process by which people learn the requirements of the surrounding culture is called __.

enculturation

The debate about the origins of human behavior and personality is called the __ debate.

nature vs nurture

The Five Factor Model includes optimism, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and __.

neuroticism

Identical twins studies aim to determine whether __ factors or environmental factors shape personality.

biological

Piaget hypothesized four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and __ operational.

formal

Kohlberg’s theory begins with the __ level of moral development.

pre-conventional

Erik Erikson’s theory is a __ theory of development.

psychosocial

George Herbert Mead’s Theory of the Social Self asserts that personality develops from social __.

experience

The 'generalized other' refers to understanding the activity from the perspective of all others __ in the activity.

engaged

There is no single correct option between nature and nurture; biology and environment are __ factors.

complementary

Identity formation is the development of an individual’s distinct __.

personality

Cultural identity is one’s feeling of identity within a group; ethnic identity is identification with a certain __.

ethnicity

National identity is the ethical and philosophical concept whereby all humans are divided into __.

nations

The Filipino value 'hiya' roughly translates to a sense of __.

shame

'Amor propio' translates to self-.

esteem

Status refers to a social position a person holds; it can be ascribed or achieved; the collection of statuses a person has at a given time is the set.

status

An ascribed status is a social position a person receives at birth or involuntarily; an achieved status is one you _ to acquire.

earn

Robert Merton introduced the term to identify a number of roles attached to a single status.

role set

Role strain results from the competing demands of two or more roles that for our time and energy.

vie

In Mead's theory, the 'play' stage precedes the 'game' stage and involves taking roles of _ others.

significant

The 'generalized other' helps individuals understand the behavior expected in different social settings from the perspective of the engaged.

others

Conformity is the act of matching behaviors to what is generally __ in a society.

acceptable

Deviance is defined as violations of __ norms and is contextual.

cultural

Formal deviance refers to violations of formally enacted laws; informal deviance refers to violations of informal cultural norms; the other two types in Hagen's typology are crimes.

conflict

Social deviations are deviant acts which are not illegal but are widely regarded as __.

inappropriate

Social diversions are deviant acts that are not illegal and are not necessarily harmful to the __.

society

Cesare Lombroso linked deviance to biological factors and described criminals as showing __ features.

atavistic

According to some researchers, genetics may have a small, but real, effect on criminality; however, social environments are still the most crucial determinants; this is the idea that __ environments matter.

social

Durkheim argued that deviance is an integral function of a healthy __.

society

Labeling theory posits that deviance is an outcome of interaction; no act is inherently __.

criminal

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was proclaimed in .

1948

The combination of the UDHR with covenants formed the __ of Human Rights.

International Bill