4B AP Psychology Learning Celebration study guide

approach-approach

Wanting two things but only being able to have 1

approach-avoidance

wanting something but also not wanting it or not wanting a part of it

extrinsic motivation (give examples)

the reason you do something comes from outside of you (ex: primary- food & warmth / secondary - money & grades)

Intrinsic motivation (give examples)

the reason you do something comes from within/inside of you (es: pride, curiosity, guilt, etc)

yerkes-dodson law

a certain level of stress enhances your abilities *athletes

Projection

projecting your emotions onto someone/something else

incentive theory

proposes we are pulled toward certain behaviors by extrinsic payoffs

displacement

shifting tension to a less threatening target

denial

refusing to accept a harsh/painful reality

rationalization

developing a logical reason to justify an unacceptable behavior (ex: stealing from a big brand)

drive reduction theory

we are driven to satisfy basic needs to reduce physiological discomfort and return to homeostasis

regression

resorting to child like behavior

sublimation

aggressive drives are channeled into a positive behavior

self efficacy

your belief in your own ability

self esteem

your feelings of self worth

reaction formation

behaving the opposite way you feel

facial feedback hypothesis

facial expressions can affect your emotions

meta analysis

studying multiple studies all related to the same topic

LeDoux

proposes that some emotional responses occur instantly without conscious appraisal

mean

average (add all up then divide by how many numbers there are)

median

middle number (listed in order from smallest to biggest)

mode

most common number

range

highest value - lowest value

Independent and dependent variables

IV- what the researcher is changing

DV- What is being affected or changed

trait theory

explains personality is from inherent characteristics

ventromedial hypothalamus

part of the hypothalamus associated with feeling full

Display rules

a group or culture´s informal norms that distinguish how one should express themselves

psychodynamic approach

views personality as the relationship between id, ego and superego and early childhood experiences.

instinct

innate biologically programmed behavior pattern that occurs automatically to stimuli

factor analysis

a statistical procedure used in psych to identify clusters of related items on a test or survey

projective tasks

personality tests that present individuals with ambiguous, unstructured stimuli (like inkblots or vague pictures) to elicit responses that reveal unconscious needs, conflicts, motives, and personality traits

polygraph test

machine used to measure physiological responses when asked stressful questions

humanistic approach

views personality from free-will, self-actualization and personal growth - people want to reach their fullest potential

unconditional positive regard

the act of accepting and supporting someone without judgment regardless of their behavior and or choices

homeostasis

the body´s tendency to keep balance and stability

optimal arousal

the just right amount of alertness. not too much not too little

universality of facial expressions

the 6 basic human emotions are portrayed in the same facial expressions all around the world (happy, surprise, fear, disgust, anger and sad)

hypothalamus

control center for homeostasis

big 5 personality traits

openness to experiences, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism